Environmental Issues Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Issues Journal - Essay Example the temperature on earth continues to rise, the water cycle is further driven to evaporation, which allows water to be more available for storm formation but less accessible for some land masses. This increases the risk for flooding in the usual storm-afflicted areas, and the likelihood of drought in locations that get relatively less precipitation. The change in temperature also makes the storm tracks vary, making the weather less predictable. More importantly for humans, increasing temperature will lead to heat-related health incidents, air-quality respiratory illnesses, and low crop yields (Environment Protection Agency). The naturally-occurring gases contribute to climate change because the mechanisms that regulate their amounts in the atmosphere become less efficient. Although the temperature in earth started increasing since the 1800, the most rapid increase has been observed in the recent decades, most possibly due to human activity (Environmental Protection Agency). In the case of carbon dioxide, it is regulated by the carbon cycle. However, its increasing level in the atmosphere is partly attributed to industrialization that started 150 years ago, which emit the gas by burning fossil fuels to power the machineries. Currently, electricity generation and transportation add into the carbon dioxide emission. Methane from landfills, coal mines, oil and gas operations, and agriculture also add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As well, the continuing deforestation depletes the plant population that absorbs carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (National Energy Information Center, 2004). Unfortunately, we cannot prevent the earth from heating up. This is because many greenhouse gases take a long time to be degraded, and the cycling of the heat from the ocean to the atmosphere is relatively slow. What we can do is to slow it down. When the problem of increasing levels of greenhouse gas continues, the rate at which temperature of the Earth’s surface rise

Ethics in Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics in Technology - Essay Example In contrast, the Trojan Horse was specifically classified as a virus which manifests damaging capabilities to the computer in terms of infecting the user’s files virtually undetected. Its origin was reported to have be sourced from the story in the Greek mythology regarding the invasion of Troy where Greek warriors reported hid in the huge wooden Trojan horse that was presented, supposedly as a gift. Part 2: Examining the Morality of Releasing a Worm 1. Through Kantian Ethics Explaining Kantian ethics in simpler terms, the ethical theory is expounded through the scenario where a perpetuator of an act focuses on the act itself, without apparent regard to the act’s repercussion or outcome. Kant asserted that by virtue of the task, duty, or job, actions are evaluated on their own precepts. Kantian ethics was also explained in terms of seeing one’s behavior or actions in terms of one’s duty or obligation. In the case of Morris, as a student, it was his duty to conform and adhere to the standards and ideals of the university where he was enrolled. As such, his actions were governed by the university’s rules, policies, and codes of coduct and ethical behavior. Therefore, looking at Morris’ actions regarding the issue of releasing the Internet worm that apparently created damage to more than 6,000 computers globally , the act still violated both ethical and moral standards using the Kantian ethics in terms of discerning that the act itself was already wrong at the onset. Releasing the worm as the act was found to be described as â€Å"the unfocused intellectual meandering of a hacker completely absorbed with his creation and unharnessed by considerations of explicit purpose or potential effect† (Eisenberg, Gries, Hartmanis, Holcomb, Lynn, & Santoro, 1989, p. 706). The committee who reviewed the ethical dilemma found that Morris’ actions failed to abide by the ethical standards of professionalism and of discerning that the act was initially morally wrong. 2. Through Utilitarian Ethics Utilitarian ethics, on the other hand was described as an ethical theory that focuses on the results or outcome, specifically, how the action affects the greater number of people for the greater good (National Endowment for Financial Education, 2006). With the premise that utilitarian ethics focuses on the outcome, Morris’ release of the worm is definitely seen as morally wrong since the results have been proven to be destructive. Likewise, as revealed from the Cornell Commission, while reviewing Morris’ actions, the committee tasked to impose sanctions to Morris revealed that by being a student of Cornell and who accepted accountability for releasing the worm through the Internet, he exemplified failure to take a proactive stance in seriously considering the repercussions of his actions and what the potential effects would be in the owners and users of the computers he infected. Therefore, the ac tion is also a violation of moral standards using the utilitarian ethics framework, since it resulted to negative impact on a significantly large number of people, whose files and databases had been compromised, lost and damaged due to his actions. Conclusion In evaluating the ethical issues pertinent to Morris’

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE CLASS IN ARCHITECTURE Assignment

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE CLASS IN ARCHITECTURE - Assignment Example There is also the sound of moving vehicles coming from the waiting lounge. Observing with the sense of hearing has the advantage getting a deeper feeling of things around through sounds. The next site is a public square which is located in the same city. There are people around and the sound of scavenge birds. There is scent of perfume from nearby and the noise of vehicles from a highway that is just next to the public square. There is also smell of exhaust fumes that is presumably from the vehicles passing nearby. Through the sense of smell and hearing, it was possible to feel the contents in the atmosphere and distinguish them from each other. The third site is at a public park. There are sound of birds and insects on the air. Beneath the feet is cold grass. The atmosphere is cool and relatively quiet. Then a piece of rock is collected and it is cold and with a very rugged texture. The piece of rock is hard and heavy. Through the senses of touch and sight one is able to have a clearer feeling of things around. The sense of sight and touch adds a better feeling to the sense of sound. The next site is at the top of a public building. The far off horizon is clearing visible and there is cold air blowing. Buildings around the city and their different shapes and designs can be seen clearly from this point. The sense of sight here is able to give a clearer feel by adding details such as

Ethics in Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics in Technology - Essay Example In contrast, the Trojan Horse was specifically classified as a virus which manifests damaging capabilities to the computer in terms of infecting the user’s files virtually undetected. Its origin was reported to have be sourced from the story in the Greek mythology regarding the invasion of Troy where Greek warriors reported hid in the huge wooden Trojan horse that was presented, supposedly as a gift. Part 2: Examining the Morality of Releasing a Worm 1. Through Kantian Ethics Explaining Kantian ethics in simpler terms, the ethical theory is expounded through the scenario where a perpetuator of an act focuses on the act itself, without apparent regard to the act’s repercussion or outcome. Kant asserted that by virtue of the task, duty, or job, actions are evaluated on their own precepts. Kantian ethics was also explained in terms of seeing one’s behavior or actions in terms of one’s duty or obligation. In the case of Morris, as a student, it was his duty to conform and adhere to the standards and ideals of the university where he was enrolled. As such, his actions were governed by the university’s rules, policies, and codes of coduct and ethical behavior. Therefore, looking at Morris’ actions regarding the issue of releasing the Internet worm that apparently created damage to more than 6,000 computers globally , the act still violated both ethical and moral standards using the Kantian ethics in terms of discerning that the act itself was already wrong at the onset. Releasing the worm as the act was found to be described as â€Å"the unfocused intellectual meandering of a hacker completely absorbed with his creation and unharnessed by considerations of explicit purpose or potential effect† (Eisenberg, Gries, Hartmanis, Holcomb, Lynn, & Santoro, 1989, p. 706). The committee who reviewed the ethical dilemma found that Morris’ actions failed to abide by the ethical standards of professionalism and of discerning that the act was initially morally wrong. 2. Through Utilitarian Ethics Utilitarian ethics, on the other hand was described as an ethical theory that focuses on the results or outcome, specifically, how the action affects the greater number of people for the greater good (National Endowment for Financial Education, 2006). With the premise that utilitarian ethics focuses on the outcome, Morris’ release of the worm is definitely seen as morally wrong since the results have been proven to be destructive. Likewise, as revealed from the Cornell Commission, while reviewing Morris’ actions, the committee tasked to impose sanctions to Morris revealed that by being a student of Cornell and who accepted accountability for releasing the worm through the Internet, he exemplified failure to take a proactive stance in seriously considering the repercussions of his actions and what the potential effects would be in the owners and users of the computers he infected. Therefore, the ac tion is also a violation of moral standards using the utilitarian ethics framework, since it resulted to negative impact on a significantly large number of people, whose files and databases had been compromised, lost and damaged due to his actions. Conclusion In evaluating the ethical issues pertinent to Morris’

CIS U2 206 Research Assigment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS U2 206 Research Assigment - Coursework Example Lastly, the world entity covers all other users by granting all-account authorizations. Authorizations are dual arithmetic values. The arithmetic value 100 endows file-reading authorizations, 10 endows file-writing authorizations, and 1 endows file-executing authorizations (Perrin). One can combine these values to form a series of authorizations for a particular entity. Listing authorizations requires access to a file’s authorization settings, where the -1 option for the viewing command offers data that entails listing authorizations. Changing authorizations for every entity requires the â€Å"chmod† command (Perrin). Overseeing security at the file-level in a UNIX system needs one to maintain file authorizations as stringent and limiting as possible without limiting the system itself. This measure requires a user to refrain from limiting the UNIX system itself from accessing files in an undesired manner. As a result, one should leave file authorizations outside the home paths of the user account at default (Perrin). Learning how to use UNIX file authorizations ultimately enables one to understand UNIX security

Turn of the screw by Henry James and Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay Example for Free

Turn of the screw by Henry James and Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay What role does the corruption of innocence play in Turn of the screw by Henry James and Lord of the Flies by William Golding? In the books Lord of the Flies and Turn of the screw, the corruption of innocence is used to show how easily evil can manifest itself in children. In Lord of the Flies, a group of young children are abandoned on an island with no adult supervision. They are convinced there is a beast on the island. This is the source of the evil, which eventually causes the group to start arguing and completely split up. In Turn of the Screw, a young woman is hired to look after two young children, Miles and Flora. She is convinced she can see the ghosts of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel who used to look after the children. This slowly sends the woman mad and she kills Miles, trying to prove what she sees. In both books there is a corrupting force. In Lord of the Flies, the beast represents this. The beast brings fear to the children on the island, especially the littluns. It is a focus for their fears. The parachutist, which lands at the top of the mountain, is their first real focus for the beast. At this point in the book, the boys wanted grown ups to come and sort things out for them on the island. The grown up came but cant save them, as he is dead. The boys dont know this though. The twins, who were on fire watch, saw the parachutist and immediately thought it was the beast. They ran down the mountain to tell their chief, Ralph that they had just seen the beast. As the book goes on, the beast starts to break up the society formed while they were on the island. The group splits and jack becomes the leader of the new hunting group and decides they arent going to bother about the beast. When Ralph and piggy visit Jacks end of the island, they find jack painted and garlanded, sat there like an idol. The hunters do a tribal dance. They pretend Roger is the pig and they run around in a circle around him with their spears, as they supposedly would when they were out hunting. They all chant kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill the blood! Simon comes out of the bushes, after his encounter with the Lord of the flies and is killed. His name is never mentioned, he is called the beast throughout the killing, the beast was on its knees in the centre of the circle. In The Turn of the Screw, Peter Quint is the corrupting force. Peter Quint is real; therefore the beast is just a symbol. Quints appearance is different to what the governess has seen around. She immediately knows he is not a gentleman has he is not wearing a hat. Quint is seen as the stereotypical, dominant, male figure of evil who corrupts those around him. Quint seems to have an influence on Miles. He starts doing things just to prove to the governess that he can. An example of this is when he goes outside in the middle of the night. Flora and Miles were both in on the plan. When the governess asked why he did it he said it was so she would think me-for a change- bad! Miles is rebelling, but we dont know whether this is because of Quints influence or juts because he is messing about. This is because of the narrative it is written in. We presume that Quint has corrupted Miles and Flora because they both start acting out of character. The governess believes that Flora was aware of the ghost of Miss Jessel when she appeared by the lake. Two hours ago in the gardenFlora saw. Light and dark plays a big part in the books. Day and night is a main theme throughout both books. In Lord of the Flies, the parachutist arrives at night. The darkness again and stars a figure dropping swiftly from a parachute. The significance of this coming at night is that the boys have less control over what they can do. Things are less visible at night and it makes things look a lot worse than they actually are. This shows evil has already started to corrupt the children. The children automatically think the parachutist is the beast. If the children were still at their most innocent, it wouldnt have affected them in the way that it did. They would have been more likely to check out what was on the mountain before jumping to conclusions. They would have at least waited until morning to see what was up there. Another thing related with light and dark which plays a big part in both in both the books is fire and flames. In Lord of the Flies, the boys spent a lot of time making and keeping a fire alight on top of the mountain. This is because Ralph thinks that the smoke is their way to be saved. So we must make smoke on the top of the mountain. We must make fire. Here, Ralph is taking charge. He is trying to get the boys saved. But later on in the same chapter, the fire burns a whole side of the mountain. This shows the dual power of fire. It could save them, but it could also kill. Later on in the book, after the group split, the fire is used as a more tribal thing. The boys turned to savagery. The even stole piggys glasses so they could keep the fire going after the split. This is where you can really see how much evil has corrupted the boys innocence by the way they act. When they first arrived on the island they were very diplomatic and would have at least tried to talk to solve their problem. By the end of the book, they have to creep around to get what they want. In Turn of the Screw, candles are used a lot because of the time period the book is set in. One night, the nurse goes into Miles room. We see a lapse of innocence of miles. Why, the candles out! I then cried. It was I who blew it out dear. Miles says he is trying to show the nurse what he is capable of doing. However, some people may say it is just Miles covering up for the ghost or starting to be corrupted. Miles talks to her as if he is older. He sounds quite rude. Again, here is a time when Miles is covering for the ghost by trying to show to nurse he is in control. Another theme in the books is nature and surroundings. In Turn of the Screw, the house and surrounding gardens are always where the ghosts appear. The first time we see Peter Quint, he is on top of a tower on the house. Also, the first time we see Miss Jessel is across the lake. There was an alien object in view a figure whose presence I instantly and passionately questioned. We dont know if Flora can also see the figure, but the nurse points out that all spontaneous sounds from her had dropped. This then leads us to believe that the nurse thinks Flora can see the ghost. But we arent completely sure whether she is actually being corrupted at this point, as we dont know for sure what she can see, if anything. Leon Edel said that her Turn of the Screw of pain resides in her belief that evil has come in to the lives of the innocent. This would make us think that the nurse was convinced that the children could see the ghosts, even though she has no real proof. In Lord of the Flies, nature is one of the main themes. The island is partially covered in creepers. The littluns think this is where the beast or beastie is coming from. He says in the morning it turned into them things like ropes in the trees' The older boys try to explain there is no beast, but the littluns wont believe them. It is quite ironic that later on in the book they are all scared of the beast. The beast is the evil on the island, so the first mention of the beast would be where they first started to lose their innocence. This is right at the beginning of the book, soon after they all first met up. In conclusion, the corruption of innocence plays a big role by showing how quickly the children were corrupted. And how the force of evil is corrupting the innocent children, showing the power of it. However we dont know whether it is the beast and ghosts or just what is going on in the peoples minds. William Golding once said, The only enemy of man is inside him.

The Representation Of Disabled People In Film

The Representation Of Disabled People In Film The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyse the stereotypical portrayals of disabled people in the media. It is mainly concerned with the misrepresentation of disability in films, especially the horror genre. It aims to consider the effect that the media has o disabled identity, highlighting the power of body image and personal experience on the development of both individual and group identity. In examining the mechanisms of how we read film, the exchange of looks, of identification, and of pleasure offered and obtained, we find that notions of masculinity and femininity predominate spectator text relations. Media often turns people into objects and this can bring terrible consequences as self-image can be deeply affected with their interpretations of what is acceptable and visually pleasing in contemporary bodies. Girls self-esteem plummets during adolescence partly because they cannot escape the message that their bodies are objects and imperfect ones at that. Girls of all ages get the message that they must be flawlessly beautiful and, above all these days, they must be thin. Even more destructively, they get the message that this is possible, that with enough effort and self-sacrifice, they can achieve this ideal. The glossy images of flawlessly beautiful and extremely thin women that surround us would not have the impact they do if we did not live in a culture that enc ourages us to believe we can and should remake our bodies into perfect commodities. Women are especially vulnerable because their bodies have been objectified for so long. According to Clarkes (1995) media representations of embodiment show how the computer-generated body of the hyperreal world also persist in negating a disabled embodiment. The use of body doubles in films and commercials makes it even less likely that we will see real womens bodies. Davies (1997:1) writes, People with disabilities have been isolated, incarcerated, observed written about, operated on, instructed , implanted, regulated, treated, institutionalised, and controlled to a degree probably unequal to that experienced by any other minority group. Oliver (1990: 1) writes, Throughout the twentieth century disabled people continue to be portrayed as more than or less than human, rarely as ordinary people doing ordinary things. The world is fast becoming a global market place controlled not by individual governments but by transnational conglomerates interested only in profits (OShaughnessy, 1999). The influence of these huge and powerful corporations on the media leads to a pernicious kind of censorship. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that many of these corporations own and control the media. The medias development has been affected by commercial interests that recognise that the media are potentially highly profitable industries (OShaughnessy, 1999:2). This point helps to demonstrate that media representations are not always genuine or accurately reflecting reality. The media uses visual images to tell a particular story ant these experiences often help guide opinions and values. The consumption of the media, and in particular media forms such as TV and film, has become extremely popular. Not only do the media reflect societal values, but it can be assume that it also encourages certain ideals. Stigma, Stereotyping and Prejudice There is no established single theory of stigma, which is not surprising as stigma embodies a complex interaction between medicine, political affairs, social science, history, psychology, anthropology (Smith, 2002). Smith goes on to state that the significant stage in the generation of stigma is the perception of difference and for stigmatisation to take place, the differences observed will be related to undesirable traits. Smith used the example of people suffering from a mental illness being stereotyped as being violent and unpredictable. Marks (1997, p.86) draws attention to the moving image media representations, that divide the able bodied and people with impairments. According to Sarfan (1998) much has been written on the damaging, stereotypical representation of people with all manner of impairments in film. Wahl (1995) states that films with disability themes stigmatise those with similar characteristics as: infantile; savants; sexually abnormal and bitter; deviant and violent and dependent and pitiable. According to Whittington- Walsh (1997) people with a variety of impairments have been exhibited for amusement and gain as freaks for countless years and it proved to be a lucrative business. Even though spectators turned away from the freak shows at the beginning of the nineteenth century images of people with impairments as entertainment did not cease to exist. Mainstream film industry has produced many films showing characters with impairments. More often than not, disabled people in film are portrayed as pitiable and pathetic such as John Merrick, paraded as a freak in The Elephant Man (1980, David Lynch, Uk), or as victims an objects of violence such as Suzy Hendrix who was blind and intimidated by drug dealers in Wait until Dark (1967, Terrance Young, USA) or as asexual such as the disabled war veteran, Ron Kovic, in Born on the 4th of July (1989, Oliver Stone, USA). These are but a few of the distorted portrayals of disabled people in the media. According to Marks (1997, p.86) these individuals are presented as Other who are completely different from us. Very rarely are disabled people accurately shown as leading ordinary lives. Stigmatised individuals and groups frequently lack power to alter such views and as such their status diminishes further. Our opinions about different groups of people are often totally irrational. They are influenced by factors such as our membership of a group (ethnocentrism) and by our experience, no matter how small, of that group. Some of these ideas may be positive and some may be negative but often these opinions or attitudes are based on very little information. The process of grouping people together and believing that they are all the same is known as stereotyping. The term stereotype was introduced by Walter Lippmann in 1922 (cited in Brown, 1986) and was defined as being an oversimplified view of the world that satisfies our need to see the world as more understandable and manageable than it really is. What he actually meant was that if we can attribute a whole set of characteristics to something, we will not have to analyse the thing each time we meet it in order to know about it. Stereotyping involves classifying people according to a set of pre-established criteria and this kind of classification is usually made on the basis id something as superficial as their appearance. What the person is actually like is totally irrelevant because we simply attribute all sorts of characteristics to them on the basis of the group that we have put then with. According to Tajfel (1982), the process of trying to give ourselves some kind of positive identity seems to explain why people have what are known as in group preferences. If we are assigned to a group, any group, either by birth or by design, we instantaneously seem to feel a kind of innate, automatic preference for that group and give the group a higher status than other groups. The in group bias is merely a method of increasing our own self-esteem. If a group believes it is less worthy than others, it will be more likely to accept any prejudice shown to them without objection because they believe it is justified. The nature of social power dynamics and group hierarchy make stereotypes particularly oppressive for certain individuals and groups (Operario et al., 1998). In particular: †¦individuals whose outcomes are controlled by others, and groups low in the social hierarchy, are vulnerable to the demeaning content of their stereotypes. Conversely, individuals who control others outcomes, and groups near the top of the social hierarchy, are more likely to employ stereotypes about others †¦ (Fiske, 1993) Because of their dependence on the powerful, the powerless direct their attention up the hierarchy and do not categorise those with power. But the powerful themselves are too busy, too unconcerned with accuracy, or too dominance-orientated to pay any attention to the powerless. They, therefore, tend to categorise and form highly stereotypical impressions of those over whom they can exert power (Oakes, 2004). Powerful people simply pay less individuating attention to their subordinates- that is, they treat them less as individuals, while the reverse is true for subordinate individuals and groups. According to Operario and Fiske (2004): †¦ Not only does power perpetuate beliefs associated with social subordinates and minority groups, it also enables people to act upon stereotypical beliefs through legislation, economic policies, and institutional practices†¦ A counterintuitive finding is the tendency for the powerless and disadvantaged to show biases that justify and maintain their groups low status (that is, they accept the status quo). This helps explain why social injustice can endure within cultural contexts that outwardly endorse egalitarianism and equality. But this is not necessarily the same as internalising negative stereotypes. Members of low-status groups tend to achnowledge their groups disadvantaged status, but minimise perceptions of personal vulnerability to discrimination. In this way, they can maintain their self-esteem and personal control, and avoid feeling personally victimised (Operario and Fiske, 2004). Sometimes the attitudes we have towards a group of people are extreme and we call this kind of extreme attitude prejudice. This prejudice can be either positive or negative depending on the person holding the views. Often these extreme attitudes have virtually no foundation in reality and are based simply on some minor attribute like appearance, are influenced by factors such as the media and the way we have been socialised. Supposing someone has something about their appearance that they have no control over-how must they feel? The studies by Piliavin (1969) in the subway showed that people with ugly facial birthmarks were not helped as frequently. Were they being stereotyped on the basis of some external characteristics and consequently suffering some king of prejudice to do with the fact that their appearance was not perfect? Even when prejudices are irrational, if they are maintained or perpetuated by society they cab have vey dangerous consequences for the person concerned. The person on the receiving end is likely to develop very low self-esteem, seeing themselves as less worthy than people holding their prejudiced views. However, there is evidence to show that if you have an expectation that people will be prejudiced towards you, this may in fact lead you to perceive a situation in a different way to people who have no expectation of prejudice. This was demonstrated by a study done by Kleck and Strenta (1980) who applied make-up to their participants to make them look as if they had an extremely large, ugly facial scar. After checking their appearance in a mirror, the researchers applied some cream to set the make-up but what they actually did was remove the scar. The participants then spent some time interacting with another person and reported back on whether the scar affected their interactions. Even though there was no disfigurement, the participants reported that their appearance had influenced the way the other person behaved towards them. This suggests that people may well explain the way people behave towards them as being due to their membership of a particular group. This may help us unders tand the perceptions of minority groups who believe they are being persecuted, even when this is not the case. Freaks Around the time Todd Brownings Freaks was made the meaning of freak was changing. Ceasing to be a celebrated exotic attraction, it was becoming medicalised, developing into a scientific specimen. Freaks was perhaps the first film to use a full cast of genuine sideshow people and expose viewers to images of abnormal bodies enjoying daily life, together with their normal sensual desires. However, audiences were engaged not through empathy, but revulsion from the physical differences shown and were outraged by the Freaks avenging themselves on so called normal bodies. The 30 year ban demonstrates how deeply we share cultural ideas about disabled people and images of impaired bodies. The bodies of the actors did not match with how the dominant U.S. culture defined what a body should look like or what it should be able to do. Their bodies were considered inferior when compared with people who were considered normal. Freaks has often been criticised because of its association with the negative representation of disability within the horror film genre. Conversely, it has also been praised because its portrayal of disability was in fact far more lifelike than that portrayed in numerous other films. Whittington-Walsh (2002, p.698) states: Freaks is unique in the fact that we only see characters with disabilities in their day to day lives and we never see them in the mode of presentation used in Freak shows and other films. We only see them in their actual social identity. Fiske, S.T. (1993) Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48(6), pp.621-628. Oakes, P. (2004) The Root of All Evil in Intergroup Relations? Unearthing the Categorisation Process. In Brewer, M. B. and Hewstone, M. (2004) (eds) Social Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Operario, D., Goodwin, S.A., and Fiske, S.T. (1998) Power is everywhere: Social control and personal control both operate as stereotype activation, interpretation , and response. In Wyer, R.S. (1998) (ed.) Advances in social cognition (Volume 11) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Operario, D. and Fiske, S.T. (2004) Stereotypes: Content, Structures, Processes and Context. In Brewer, M. B. and Hewstone, M. (2004) (eds) Social Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.