Saturday, August 31, 2019

Econ 1a

Student: 1. Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of a command system? A. private ownership of all capital. B. central planning. C. heavy reliance on markets. D. wide-spread dispersion of economic power. 2. Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of a market system? A. public ownership of all capital. B. central planning. C. wide-spread private ownership of capital. D. a circular flow of goods, resources, and money. 3. Examples of command economies are: A. The United States and Japan. B. Sweden and Norway. C. Mexico and Brazil. D. Cuba and North Korea. 4. Of the following countries, which one best exhibits the characteristics of a market economy? A. Canada. B. Cuba. C. North Korea. D. China. 5. The French term â€Å"laissez-faire† means: A. â€Å"there is no free lunch. † B. â€Å"let it be. † C. â€Å"circular flow. † D. â€Å"public ownership. † 6. An economic system: A. requires a grouping of private markets linked to one another. B. is a particular set of institutional arrangements and a coordinating mechanism used to respond to the economizing problem. C. requires some sort of centralized authority (such as government) to oordinate economic activity. D. is a plan or scheme that allows a firm to make money at some other firm's expense. 7. The term laissez-faire suggests that: A. land and other natural resources should be privately owned, but capital should be publicly owned. B. land and other natural resources should be publicly owned, but capital should be privately owned. C. government should not interfere with the operation of the economy. D. government action is necessary if the economy is to achieve full employment and full production. 8. Economic systems differ according to which two main characteristics? A. Who owns the factors of production, and the methods used to coordinate economic activity. B. The technology used in production, and the quantity and quality of natural resources. C. How goods are produced, and who gets them. D. The political system in place, and the degree of scarcity facing the economy. 9. Command systems are also known as: A. market systems. B. pure capitalism. C. laissez-faire capitalism. D. communism. 10. A fundamental difference between the command system and the market system is that, in command systems: A. the division of output is decided by central planning rather than by individuals operating freely through markets. B. all economic decisions are made by the government, whereas there is no government in a market system. C. scarcity does not exist, whereas it does in a market system. D. money is not used, whereas it is in a market system. 11. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the market system? A. private property. B. freedom of enterprise. C. government ownership of major industries. D. competition in product and resource markets. 12. Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic of the market system? A. property rights. B. central planning by government. C. unselfish behavior. D. government-set wages and prices. 13. Property rights are important because they: A. ensure an equal distribution of income. B. encourage cooperation by improving the chances of mutually agreeable transactions. C. guarantee that any exchange will make all parties better off than prior to the exchange. D. allow the government to control how resources are allocated. 14. Private property: A. discourages cooperation because people don't want to part with what they own. B. discourages innovation, as people are often afraid to risk losing their own property. C. encourages owners to maintain or improve their property, so as to preserve or enhance value. D. does everything indicated by the other answers. 15. Copyrights and trademarks are examples of: A. capital goods. B. human capital. C. property rights. D. public goods. 16. The regulatory mechanism of the market system is: A. self-interest. B. private property. C. competition. D. specialization. 17. Broadly defined, competition involves: A. private property and freedom of expression. B. independently acting buyers and sellers and freedom to enter or leave markets. C. increasing opportunity costs and diminishing marginal utility. D. capital goods and division of labor. 18. Competition means that: A. sellers can manipulate market price by causing product scarcities. B. there are independently-acting buyers and sellers in each market. C. a product can be purchased at a number of different prices. D. there is more than one seller in a market. 19. The division of labor means that: A. labor markets are geographically segmented. B. unskilled workers outnumber skilled workers. C. workers specialize in various production tasks. D. each worker performs a large number of tasks. 20. Specialization in production is important primarily because it: A. results in greater total output. B. llows society to avoid the coincidence-of-wants problem. C. allows society to trade by barter. D. allows society to have fewer capital goods. 21. Specialization-the division of labor-enhances productivity and efficiency by: A. allowing workers to take advantage of existing differences in their abilities and skills. B. avoiding the time loss involved in shifting from one production task to another. C. allowing workers to develop skills by working on one, or a limited number, of tasks. D. all of the means identified in the other answers. 22. Specialization in production is economically beneficial primarily because it: A. llows everyone to have a job which they like. B. permits the production of a larger output with fixed amounts of resources. C. facilitates trade by bartering. D. guarantees full employment. 23. On the basis of the above information it can be said that: A. no coincidence of wants exists between any two states. B. a coincidence of wants exists between Michigan and Washington. C. a coincidence of wants exists between Texas and Washington. D. a coincidence of wants exists between Michigan and Texas. 24. On the basis of the above information and assuming trade occurs between the three states we can expect: A. Washington to exchange apples with Texas and receive money in return. B. Washington to exchange apples with Michigan and receive money in return. C. Texas to exchange lettuce with Michigan and receive autos in return. D. Texas to trade lettuce directly for Washington apples. 25. Given the above information and assuming trade occurs between the three states we can expect: A. that there is no means by which Michigan can obtain lettuce while specializing in the production of autos. B. that money will not be needed to accomplish the desired exchanges. C. money to flow counterclockwise from Michigan to Texas to Washington. D. money to flow clockwise from Michigan to Washington to Texas. 26. Barter: A. is the major means of exchange in centrally planned economies. B. accounts for over 30 percent of the dollar volume of all exchange in the U. S. economy. C. entails the exchange of goods for goods. D. is used to circumvent the problem of a lack of coincidence of wants among potential buyers and sellers. 27. The â€Å"coincidence of wants† problem associated with barter refers to the fact that: A. for exchange to occur each seller must have a product that some buyer wants. B. money must be used as a medium of exchange or trade will never occur. C. specialization is restricted by the size or scope of a market. D. buyers in resource markets and sellers in product markets can never engage in exchange. 28. The use of money contributes to economic efficiency because: A. governmental direction of the production and distribution of output can be avoided by using money. B. roundabout production could not occur without the availability of money. C. it is necessary for the creation of capital goods. D. it promotes specialization by overcoming the problems with barter. 29. The presence of market failures implies that: A. oney is not an effective tool for exchange in a market system. B. there is an active role for government, even in a market system. C. individuals and firms should strive to be self-sufficient rather than specialize. D. command systems are superior to market systems in the allocation of resources. 30. Which of the following characteristics is least unique to a market system? A. private ownership of property resources B. competition among buyers and sellers pursuing monetary returns C. the widespread use of money D. freedom of enterprise and choice 31. Which of the following is one of the Five Fundamental Questions? A. Which products will be in scarce supply and which in excess supply? B. Who should appoint the head of the central bank? C. How much should society save? D. What goods and services will be produced? 32. If competitive industry Z is making substantial economic profit, output will: A. fall in industry Z, and firms will likely leave the market. B. fall in all industries except industry Z. C. expand in industry Z, as more resources will move to that industry. D. expand in industry Z, but no new firms will enter the market. 33. From society's point of view the economic function of profits and losses is to: A. romote the equal distribution of real assets and wealth. B. achieve full employment and price level stability. C. contribute to a more equal distribution of income. D. reallocate resources from less desired to more desired uses. 34. In a market economy a significant change in consumers' desire for product X will: A. alter the profits or losses received by suppliers of product X. B. cause a reallocation of scarce resources. C. cause some industries to expand and others to contract. D. do all of these. 35. Economic profits in an industry suggest the industry: A. can earn more profits by increasing product price. B. should be larger to better satisfy consumers' desire for the product. C. has excess production capacity. D. is the size that consumers want it to be. 36. Economic profits and losses: A. are both considered by economists to be a part of production costs. B. are essential to the reallocation of resources from less desired to more desired goods. C. have no influence on the composition of domestic output. D. equalize the distribution of income in the long run. 37. If consumer desire for product X increases, all of the following will occur except: A. an increase in the profits of industry X. B. n increase in the quantity of resources employed by industry X. C. an increase in the output of industry X. D. a decrease in the quantity of resources employed in industry X. 38. An increase in consumer desire for strawberries is most likely to: A. increase the number of strawberry pickers needed by farmers. B. reduce the supply of strawberries. C. reduce the number of people willing to pick strawberries. D. reduce the need for strawberry pickers. 39. If competitive industry Y is incurring substantial losses, output will: A. expand as resources move toward industry Y. B. contract as resources move toward industry Y. C. contract as resources move away from industry Y. D. expand as resources move away from industry Y. 40. The economic function of profits and losses is to: A. bring about a more equal distribution of income. B. signal that resources should be reallocated. C. eliminate small firms and reduce competition. D. tell government which industries need to be subsidized. 41. If a competitive industry is neither expanding nor contracting, we would expect: A. total revenue to be zero. B. economic profits to be zero. C. total opportunity cost to be zero. D. more resources to flow to that industry. 42. The competitive market system: A . encourages innovation because government provides tax breaks and subsidies to those who develop new products or new productive techniques. B. discourages innovation because it is difficult to acquire additional capital in the form of new machinery and equipment. C. discourages innovation because firms want to get all the profits possible from existing machinery and equipment. D. encourages innovation because successful innovators are rewarded with economic profits. 43. In a market economy the distribution of output will be determined primarily by: A. consumer needs and preferences. B. the quantities and prices of the resources that households supply. C. government regulations that provide a minimum income for all. D. a social consensus as to which distribution of income is most equitable. 44. The most efficient combination of resources in producing a given output is the combination that: A. comes closest to using the same quantities of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. B. can be obtained for the smallest money outlay. C. uses the smallest total quantity of all resources. D. conserves most on the use of labor. 45. Firms are motivated to minimize production costs because: A. t is the most environmentally friendly way to produce goods. B. least-cost production techniques use the smallest total quantity of resources. C. competitive pressures in the market will drive out higher-cost producers. D. the government provides tax credits and subsidies to low-cost producers. Answer the next question(s) using the following data which show all available techniques for producing 20 units of a particular commodity: 46. Refer to the above data. In view of the indicated resource prices, the economically most efficient production technique(s) is (are) technique(s): A. # 1. B. #2 and # 4. C. # 3. D. #1 and # 3. 47. Refer to the above data. Assuming that the firm is motivated by self-interest and that the 20 units which can be produced with each technique can be sold for $2 per unit, the firm will: A. realize an economic profit of $ 10. B. realize an economic profit of $ 4. C. not earn any economic profit. D. shutdown rather than incur a loss by producing. 48. Refer to the above data. If a new production technique is developed that enables a firm to produce 20 units of output with 3 units of land, 3 of labor, 1 of capital, and 2 of entrepreneurial ability, this technique would: A. not be adopted because, although it reduces production costs, it does not increase profit. B. be adopted because it would lower production costs and increase economic profit. C. not be adopted because it entails higher production costs than other available techniques. D. be adopted, even though economic profits would be reduced slightly. Answer the next question(s) on the basis of the following information: Suppose 30 units of product A can be produced by employing just labor and capital in the four ways shown below. Assume the prices of labor and capital are $2 and $3 respectively. 49. Refer to the above information. Which technique is economically most efficient in producing A? A. I B. II C. III D. IV 50. Refer to the above information. If the price of product A is $0. 50, the firm will realize: A. an economic profit of $ 4. B. an economic profit of $ 2. C. an economic profit of $ 6. D. a loss of $ 3. 51. In a competitive market economy firms select the least-cost production technique because: A. such choices will result in full employment of available resources. B. to do so will maximize the firms' profits. C. this will prevent new firms from entering the industry. D. â€Å"dollar voting† by consumers mandates such a choice. 52. The market system's answer to the fundamental question â€Å"What will be produced? † is essentially: A. â€Å"Goods and services that are profitable. † B. â€Å"Low cost goods and services. † C. â€Å"Goods and service that can be produced using large amounts of capital. † D. â€Å"Goods and services that possess lasting value. † 53. The market system's answer to the fundamental question â€Å"How will the goods and services be produced? † is essentially: A. â€Å"With as much machinery as possible. † B. â€Å"Using the latest technology. † C. â€Å"By exploiting labor. D. â€Å"Using the least-cost production techniques. † 54. The market system's answer to the fundamental question â€Å"Who will get the goods and services? † is essentially: A. â€Å"Those willing and able to pay for them. † B. â€Å"Those who physically produced them. † C. â€Å"Those who most need them. † D. â€Å"Those who get utility from them. † 55. The market system's answer to the fundamental question â€Å"How will the system accommodate change? † is essentially: A. â€Å"Through government leadership and direction. † B. â€Å"Through the guiding function of prices and the incentive function of profits. † C. Through training and retraining programs. † D. â€Å"Through trial and error. † 56. The market system's answer to the fundamental question â€Å"How will the system promote progress? † is essentially: A. â€Å"Through government funded research programs. † B. â€Å"Through redistribution of income to promote greater equality. † C. â€Å"Through training and retraining programs. † D. â€Å"Through the profit potential that encourages development of new technology. † 57. The advent of DVDs has virtually demolished the market for videocassettes. This is an example of: A. creative destruction. B. derived demand. C. apital accumulation. D. the difference between normal and economic profits. 58. â€Å"Consumer sovereignty† refers to the: A. fact that resource prices are higher than product prices in capitalistic economies. B. idea that the pursuit of self-interest is in the public interest. C. idea that the decisions of producers must ultimately conform to consumer demands. D. fact that a Federal agency exists to protect consumers from harmful and defective products. 59. The dollar votes of consumers ultimately determine the composition of output and the allocation of resources in a market economy. This statement best describes the concept of: A. derived demand. B. consumer sovereignty. C. the invisible hand. D. market failure. 60. Which of the following is not one of the five fundamental questions? A. What prices will be charged for goods and services? B. Who will get the goods and services? C. What goods and services will be produced? D. How will the system promote progress? 61. â€Å"Consumer sovereignty† means that: A. buyers can dictate the prices at which goods and services will be purchased. B. advertising is ineffective because consumers already know what they want. C. uyers control the quality of goods and services through regulatory agencies. D. buyers determine what will be produced based on their â€Å"dollar votes† for the goods and services offered by sellers. 62. Which of the following best describes the invisible-hand concept? A. The desires of resource suppliers and producers to further their own self-interest will automatically further the public interest. B. The non-substitutability of resources creates a conflict between private and public interests and calls for government intervention. C. The market system is the best system for overcoming the scarce resources-unlimited wants problem. D. Central direction by the government will improve resource allocation in a capitalistic economy. 63. The invisible hand refers to the: A. fact that the U. S. tax system redistributes income from rich to poor. B. notion that, under competition, decisions motivated by self-interest promote the social interest. C. tendency of monopolistic sellers to raise prices above competitive levels. D. fact that government controls the functioning of the market system. 64. The invisible hand concept suggests that: A. market failures imply the need for a national economic plan. B. ig businesses are inherently more efficient than small businesses. C. the competitiveness of a capitalistic market economy invariably diminishes over time. D. assuming competition, private and public interests will coincide. 65. Two major virtues of the market system are that it: A. allocates resources efficiently and allows economic freedom. B. results in an equitable personal distribution of income and always maintains full employment. C. results in price level stability and a fair personal distribution of income. D. eliminates discrimination and minimizes environmental pollution. 66. The market system: A. produces considerable inefficiency in the use of scarce resources. B. effectively harnesses the incentives of workers and entrepreneurs. C. is not consistent with freedom of choice in the long run. D. has slowly lost ground to emerging command systems. 67. According to the concept of the â€Å"invisible hand,† if Susie opens and operates a profitable childcare center, then: A. government should regulate the business to ensure quality. B. the profit Susie earns indicates that she is overcharging for her services. C. she has served society's interests by providing a desired good or service. D. his demonstrates that consumer sovereignty is not present in this market. 68. The invisible hand promotes society's interests because: A. individuals pursuing their self-interest will try to produce goods and services that people in society want and are willing to purchase. B. individuals will produce goods for others out of concern for their fellow human beings. C. it makes sure that everyone wins from competition in the market. D. government regulation pushes business into producing the right mix of goods and services. 69. The coordination problem in the centrally planned economies refers to the idea that: A. lanners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise. B. the price level and the level of employment were inversely related. C. the immediate effect of more investment was less consumption. D. exports had to be equal to imports for a central plan to work. 70. â€Å"Under central planning, some group has to decide how to get the necessary inputs produced in the right amounts and delivered to the right places at the right time. This is a nearly impossible task without markets and profits. † This quotation best identifies the: A. incentive problem under central planning. B. oordination problem under central planning. C. self-sufficiency dilemma under communism. D. resource over-commitment problem under communism. 71. â€Å"Because the outputs of many industries are the inputs to other industries, the failure of any single industry to fulfill the output quantities specified in the central plan caused a chain-reaction of adverse repercussions on production. † This quotation best identifies the: A. incentive problem under central planning. B. self-sufficiency dilemma under communism. C. resource over-commitment problem under communism. D. coordination problem under central planning. 72. The incentive problem under communist central planning refers to the idea that: A. planners had to direct required inputs to each enterprise. B . workers, managers, and entrepreneurs could not personally gain by responding to shortages or surpluses or by introducing new and improved products. C. the immediate effect of more investment was less consumption. D. exports had to be equal to imports for a central plan to work. 73. Suppose that an individual sees a tremendous opportunity to produce and sell a new product, but dismisses the idea because there is no way to exploit this opportunity for personal gain. This situation best identifies the: A. coordination problem under communist central planning. B. self-sufficiency dilemma under communism. C. asymmetric information problem under communism. D. incentive problem under communist central planning. 74. Innovation lagged in the centrally planned economies because: A. there was too much domestic business competition. B. there was too much competition from foreign firms. C. enterprises resisted innovation in fear that their production targets would be raised. D. exports had to equal imports for the plan to work. 75. The fact that the major indicator of enterprise success in the Soviet Union and pre-reform China was the quantity of output implied that: A. product quality was neglected. B. production costs were minimized. C. product-mix met consumer needs. D. technological advance was too rapid. 76. Enterprise managers and workers in the Soviet Union often resisted innovations in production methods because: A. production targets were often increased when innovation occurred. B. there was a chronic shortage of computers. C. workers could not be reallocated geographically. D. innovations ordinarily increased dependence on world markets. 77. If products were in short or surplus supply in the Soviet Union: A. price and profit signals eliminated those shortages and surpluses. B. price and profit signals intensified those shortages and surpluses. C. producers would not react because no price or profit signals occurred. D. the planners would immediately adjust production to achieve equilibrium. 78. In what type of business do the owners bear no personal financial responsibility for the company's debts and obligations? A. Partnerships. B. Corporations. C. Sole proprietorships. D. In all of the businesses listed in the other answers. 79. The simple circular flow model shows that: A. households are on the buying side of both product and resource markets. B. businesses are on the selling side of both product and resource markets. C. households are on the selling side of the resource market and on the buying side of the product market. D. businesses are on the buying side of the product market and on the selling side of the resource market. 80. The two basic markets shown by the simple circular flow model are: A. capital goods and consumer goods. B. free and controlled. C. product and resource. D. household and business. 81. In the resource market: A. businesses borrow financial capital from households. B. businesses sell services to households. C. households sell resources to businesses. D. firms sell raw materials to households. 82. In the simple circular flow model: A. households are buyers of resources. B. businesses are sellers of final products. C. households are sellers of final products. D. there are real flows of goods, services, and resources, but not money flows. 83. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (1) represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures. 84. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (2) represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures. 85. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (3) represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. goods and services. D. consumer expenditures. 86. Refer to the above diagram. Flow (4) represents: A. wage, rent, interest, and profit income. B. land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability. C. oods and services. D. consumer expenditures. 87. In terms of the circular flow diagram, households make expenditures in the _____ market and receive income through the _____ market. A. product; financial B. resource; product C. product; resource D. capital; product 88. In terms of the circular flow diagram, businesses obtain revenue through the _____ market and make expenditures in the _____ market. A. product; financial B. resource; product C. product; resource D. capital; product 89. Households and businesses are: A. both buyers in the resource market. B. both sellers in the product market. C. ellers in the resource and product markets respectively. D. sellers in the product and resource markets respectively. 90. Refer to the above diagram. Arrows (1) and (2) represent: A. goods and resources respectively. B. money incomes and output respectively. C. output and money incomes respectively. D. resources and goods respectively. 91. Refer to the above diagram. Arrows (3) and (4) represent: A. goods and services respectively. B. incomes and consumer expenditures respectively. C. resources and goods respectively. D. consumer expenditures and income respectively. 92. Refer to the above diagram. Arrows (1) and (3) are associated with: A. the money market. B. the resource market. C. the product market. D. international trade. 93. Which of the following best illustrates the circular flow model in action? A. Bobbie goes to work and builds cars, and uses the income she receives to buy food at the grocery store. B. Evan buys a new couch; the owner of the furniture store uses some of the money from the sale to pay her supplier, and uses the rest to take her family out to dinner. C. Boeing experiences a surge in orders for new airplanes, prompting the company to hire more workers. D. All of these answers illustrate the workings of the circular flow model. 94. (Consider This) In 1975, McDonald's introduced its Egg McMuffin breakfast sandwich, which remains popular and profitable today. This longevity illustrates the idea of: A. opportunity cost. B. upsloping supply. C. consumer sovereignty. D. specialization. 95. (Consider This) In 2000, McDonald's introduced its McSalad Shaker, which failed to catch on with the public and was subsequently dropped from the menu. This failure illustrates the idea of: A. consumer sovereignty. B. technological change. C. downsloping demand. D. specialization. 96. (Consider This) Since World War II: A. North Korea's command economy has significantly outperformed South Korea's market economy. B. South Korea's command economy has significantly outperformed North Korea's market economy. C. North Korea's market economy has significantly outperformed South Korea's command economy. D. South Korea's market economy has significantly outperformed North Korea's command economy. 97. (Consider This) North Korea's command economy: A. is one of the few remaining command economies. B. has grown much faster than South Korea since the two countries were divided after World War II. C. produces a per capita GDP of nearly $25,000. D. has undergone significant market reforms and is now one of the fastest growing economies. 98. (Last Word) According to economist Donald Boudreaux, the world's tens of billions of individual resources get arranged productively: A. because government has become highly effective at central planning. B. because private property encourages people to consider the alternative uses of their resources and select those that provide the most rewards. C. because people tend to be creative and orderly. D. through random trial and error. 99. Last Word) According to economist Donald Boudreaux: A. private property eliminates the possibility that resource arrangements will be random. B. the market system threatens to do irreparable harm to the world's ecosystem. C. arranging resources under the market system is much like shuffling a deck of cards. D. the market system works wondrously for advanced industrial nations but not for developing nations. 100. Market economies use capital goods because they improve productive efficiency. True False 101. Money functions as a medium of exchange by eliminating the need for a coincidence of wants. True False 102. Consumer sovereignty means that legislation now protects the rights of consumers to dispose of their incomes as they see fit. True False 103. Specialization may expand total output even though the individuals involved may have identical abilities. True False 104. The wants of consumers are expressed in the product market with â€Å"dollar votes. † True False 105. Costs can be defined as total payments made to workers, land owners, and capital suppliers less payments to the entrepreneur for organizing and combining the other resources used to produce a good. True False 106. Continued losses in an industry will cause some firms to reduce output or eventually leave the industry. True False 107. The guiding function of prices tends to keep resources flowing toward their most highly valued uses. True False 108. The invisible hand refers to the many indirect controls that the Federal government imposes in a market system. True False 109. Central planning in the Soviet Union and pre-reform China emphasized the expansion of the production of consumer goods to raise the domestic standard of living. True False 110. Central planning often suffers from a coordination problem and an incentive problem. True False ch02 Key1. B2. C3. D4. A5. B6. B7. C8. A9. D10. A11. C12. A13. B14. C15. C16. C17. B8. B19. C20. A21. D22. B23. A24. A25. C26. C27. A28. D29. B30. C31. D32. C33. D34. D35. B36. B37. D38. A39. C40. B41. B42. D43. B44. B45. C46. B47. A48. B49. D50. B51. B52. A53. D54. A55. B56. D57. A58. C59. B60. A61. D62. A63. B64. D65. A66. B67. C68. A69. A70. B71. D72. B73. D74. C75. A76. A77. C78. B79. C80. C81. C82. B83. A84. B85. C86. D87. C88. C89. C90. D91. B92. B93. D94. C95. A96. D97. A98. B99. A100. TRUE101. TRUE102. FALSE103. TRUE104. TRUE105. FALSE106. TRUE107. TRUE108. FALSE109. FALSE110. TRUE ch02Summary Category # of Questions AACSB: Analytic 72 AACSB: Reflective Thinking 38 Blooms: Level 1 Remember 36 Blooms: Level 2 Understand 51 Blooms: Level 3 Apply 18 Blooms: Level 4 Analyze 5 Difficulty: 1 Easy 36 Difficulty: 2 Medium 69 Difficulty: 3 Hard 5 Learning Objective: 02-01 Differentiate between a command system and a market system. 3 Learning Objective: 02-02 List the main characteristics of the market system. 25 Learning Objective: 02- 03 Explain how the market system decides what to produce; how to produce it; and who obtains it. 40 Learning Objective: 02-04 Discuss how the market system adjusts to change and promotes progress. 14 Learning Objective: 02-05 Describe the mechanics of the circular flow model. 16 McConnell – Chapter 02 115 Topic: Characteristics of the market system 25 Topic: Circular flow model 16 Topic: Demise of the command systems 13 Topic: Economic systems 10 Topic: Five fundamental questions 38 Topic: Invisible hand 8

Friday, August 30, 2019

Pricing Strategies of Hyundai

1 March 2006 Immediate Release Hyundai Launches Family Pricing Strategy and Standardises Parts Prices The cost of owning and servicing a Hyundai has never been cheaper for Kiwi motorists from this week. Hyundai Automotive New Zealand has announced a revolutionary new parts policy that will see genuine part prices across Hyundai’s model range standardised, and in many cases becoming considerably cheaper. Known as the Family Pricing Strategy, the policy sees the price of regular maintenance genuine Hyundai parts standardised across models, and is the first step toward standardised service costs. Surveys by Hyundai revealed the company already had competitively priced genuine parts, having similar prices to the aftermarket competitors and in many cases beating them. Hyundai New Zealand Aftermarket Manager Peter Tolley said getting the company’s spare parts aligned across the model range was the first part of the company’s strategy to keep ownership costs as low as possible for all Hyundai vehicles. It would also ensure customers have the reassurance of genuine Hyundai parts which come with a 12 month, 20,000km warranty. The â€Å"grey†parts market is a worldwide problem for the motor industry because many parts are substandard and unsafe. To combat this Hyundai Motor Company has been keen to get involved in this local initiative. â€Å"Working closely with Hyundai Motor Company and its suppliers has meant that we are able to offer some substantial reductions in pricing to benefit the New Zealand consumer,† stated Mr Tolley. â€Å"We expected customers to benefit from some substantial parts savings, particularly on the larger vehicles such as Terracan, Santa Fe and the new Grandeur† said Mr Tolley. You will see genuine components like front brake pads drop from anything up to $253 each down to $85 under the Family Pricing Strategy. Simple components like oil filters on our petrol engines will drop from up to $38 down to $15. 75. These savings are genuine, long term and will lead into very competitive servicing costs for our customers. † Mr Tolley said Hyundai was going to g reater lengths than any other vehicle manufacturer with this new pricing strategy. Low ownership costs with Hyundai were already almost a given, due to the extremely high level of quality and reliability in new Hyundai vehicles, said Peter Tolley. Surveys such as the prestigious JD Power Vehicle Quality survey rated the Hyundai Sonata as one of the world’s top three reliable cars in 2005. The US based Total Quality Index survey confirmed the Hyundai Tucson as the world’s highest quality small SUV for 2005. The results come from polling a massive 40,000 buyers of models throughout the USA. With results like this backed up by competitive parts pricing, New Zealanders can be sure they will see Hyundai as an extremely good value, high quality, low cost vehicle for many years to come. † â€Å"Putting it simply, we are confident that over a complete ownership cycle, no car will show a better â€Å"complete cost of ownership† than a Hyundai. † This has already been shown to be the case with Hyundai’s Getz, which in 2005, won the Be st Small Car Award in the annual Australia’s Best Cars awards scoring the top ‘well above average’ ranking for among other things, Pricing, Running & Repair Costs and Warranty.

Lab Cojy Background (for Research Proposal)

Lab CoJY Background Cooperatives have been flourishing in the Philippines as early as the time of our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal. Way back, cooperatives has been associated with the farmers who are the intended and original beneficiaries of the cooperative movement. But as time goes by, it is defined by the law as a vehicle for promoting self reliance and harnessing people power towards the attainment of economic development and social justice (Art. 2, R. A. 9520, Philippine Cooperative Code of the Philippines). Cooperatives is an institution that could be an instrument for socio-economic upliftment and sustainable development. With all the corporations owned by financially capable persons, cooperatives give people with limited resources to come together and pool out their resources and put up a business that they can call their own- member-owned. Although the cooperative is designed for legal adults, even the young ones nowadays are caught by the principle of cooperativism. Laboratory cooperatives are established as an affiliate of an adult cooperative to cater the needs of the minors and serve as a training ground for young entrepreneurs. Laboratory cooperative is a cooperative that is organized by minors and must be affiliated with a registered cooperative. It is a venue for students to develop the habit of thrift and savings, leadership competencies and business management. According to Sr. Leontina Castillo, OSA, founder of the cooperative program in ASOLC schools, in her guidebook Supervising Laboratory Cooperative Junior Youth, â€Å"Lab CoJY is one of the potent avenues in schools where the students learn and live values while at the same time hone their leadership and business skill. Operating and managing the Lab COJY is a challenging and enriching task that require the living out of values like thrift, wise use of money, orderliness, prudence, sacrifice, love for coop and honesty. A deep sense of responsibility, as fidelity to duties and responsibilities, is developed. †(2) Investing on people while they are still young is worthy in the long-run. According in an article by Gumban, NATCCO’s Aflatoun (Youth) Program Coordinator â€Å"investment requires the element of wait. Waiting could take weeks, months, even year. Truly, investing in the young people takes a lot of wait. Take for example the simple savings program. The money saved is actually secondary, but the values of thrift and responsibility slowly honed through constant practice are something of great value. The fruits of this cannot be seen overnight, and maybe not even in the adult cooperators’ lifetime, but certainly would manifest as they go through their chosen careers†(Services for Children and Teenagers, Why invest on Young Members? ). In the same article she made mention that exposing the young members to conferences, trainings and mentors, as well as the co-op environment would give them the chance to learn, to speak their minds, and share their dreams with their fellow youth cooperators in a wholesome and fun way. In some schools, DepEd puts up a co-curricular program that promotes entrepreneurship and cooperativism which aims to establish a shift from the employment creation culture by nurturing the entrepreneurial and cooperative environment, skills and competencies of the students.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Business Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Research Report - Essay Example The amount of profit earned will be determined by the amount of money paid by customers for baked goods subtracted from the amount of money spent on buying the products. The profit depends on what is baked and how much is charged for baked goods. Several obstacles come along the establishment of such business as bakery. One of them is the lack of funds to purchase the required equipments for this work. This is because some products require special equipments, for example, baking of wedding cakes. Baking of breads also requires slicing machines that are expensive hence a lack of enough funds is a major obstacle to the business. The other obstacle to a successful bakery business is that there has been a problem in the number of qualified personnel, in bakeries. These are the trained bakery technologists. This has lead to slowed development in the bakery industry. This has been a major obstacle because there is no growth in the food and beverage industry since no new products are introduced in the market. There have been several business partners in the bakery businesses. This is some of those who have careers in foods. Some of those who had successful businesses include the following: AB Mauri Bakery AMOUN PITA NATURAL BAKERS ARCHWAY COOKIES Achatz Handmade Pie Company Al Dente Pasta, Inc. Aladdin Bakers Albuquerque Tortilla Alessi Bakeries Alpha Baking Co. Alpine Valley Bread Alvarado Street Bakery American Italian Pasta Co. Amorosos Baking Co. Annie Pies Gourmet Bakery Artuso Pastry Foods Corp. Athens Pastries, Inc. Atticus LLC dba Chabaso Bakery Aunt Millies Bakeries Blackhawk Bakery Bloomfield Bakers Bl ue Bonnet Bakery BoDeans Baking Co. Cereal Food Processors Inc. Cereal Ingredients IncChattanooga Bakery Inc/Moon Pie Cheksea Milling Group Cheryl & Co. Gourmet Cookies Claxton Bakery Inc. Clydes Delicious Donuts Collin Street Bakery Consolidated Biscuit Co. Deerfields Delice European Bakery Delicias

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Understanding high attrition rates within a retail bank finance Essay

Understanding high attrition rates within a retail bank finance department - Essay Example This is project report for tackling a serious problem which is currently facing Bank 4 U. That is the problem of abnormally high attrition. This project is not intended to be an analysis of the problem. An analysis by its very nature is intended to be a review of the situation.This analysis is reviewed later and appropriate decisions are taken on its recommendations. This problem is sufficiently serious that only an interventionary approach to solve the problem will solve it. The Author proposes an Action research project in this proposal.The project team members will be managers and other personnel who will be able to act on the solutions as they come up in the research team. The members of this team will also not be disinterested members of this project, but whom this problem of attrition personally and professionally affects.The theory and practice of action research is sufficiently covered in the project plan to give an idea of the approach which will be taken to solve this probl em and the rationale behind that approach. The problem itself is explored sufficiently to see how it could be properly solved using this method.This Project was initiated by the top management of Bank 4 U. The author of this report was entrusted with implementing it. Action research methodology will be used. The theory will be accumulated from various scholarly sources. The problem, which was attrition, will be defined in great detail. It is apparent that this is a problem of very high magnitude with no apparent solution and that there is a requirement of an immediate intervention. A team of highly affected members of management will be put together. Using the various methodologies of Action Research, solutions will be constantly be discussed by the group and based on this discussion , various solutions will be continually implemented. The data gathered from implementations will be reviewed to look at possible modifications on a constant basis. The Author of this project , is also t he originator of this project , would not lead this project , but be more of a facilitator . The members of this project will be more of a round table with everybody's opinions receiving the same value. This would be important for a successful intervention and prevent this action research project be taken over by one or a few people and defeat the purpose the panel. The project panel will be in place for the duration of the intervention Understanding High Attrition within a Finance Organization Developing a Collaborative Roadmap to Improve Employee Retention Conceptualization and Framework Context Bank-4-U is one of the nation's leading financial services companies serving consumers and small to mid-sized businesses through various subsidiaries in the Bank-4-U family of companies. The organization has grown extensively through a series of acquisitions and as a result needs to address challenges in the areas of cultural and technical integration.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Leadership, Teambuilding, and Communication Essay

Leadership, Teambuilding, and Communication - Essay Example These three characteristics are therefore an essential part of an organization, and from their study, one can come up with a conclusive understanding of an organization’s performance. This essay takes a look at some of the organizational behaviors at Apple Inc. The company has been a complete success to the extent of being a team leader in its line of production. Apple Inc. itself, however, has had a unique organizational behavior since its formation to its present status. This unique trend has been especially in terms of leadership, which has been attributed largely by the number of times the company has had to change its leaders in order to be able to reach a suitable leader and to deliver the company’s objectives. The following analysis gives an inside look into Apple Inc.’s organizational behavior focusing on the leadership trends, teambuilding activities, and communication level. Leadership theories and interpersonal forms of power at Apple Inc. Appleâ€℠¢s organizational behavior Right from its inception into the technology business, Apple Inc. has had a historic background in its leadership, leading it to become a market leader in its field. The achievement can only be linked to the organization’s dedication and severity when it comes to leadership. Over many years, there have been a number of developmental changes in the organization’s structure and leadership. The organization’s objective of changing the world through a provision of computers to the masses has led to multiple changes within the company that have either been positive or negative to the company’s growth (Freedman & Vohr, 1991). The company was first under a centralized organizational structure in 1983, being run by its co-founder Steve Jobs and CEO Markkula. Under this structure, authority was restricted only to higher levels of leadership which were all under Markkula (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, & Uhl-Bien, 2010). At its early stage, the organization was made up of five product divisions, an additional four divisions offering product support services and other several administrative departments (Freedman & Vohr, 1991). All the divisions and departments reported to Markkula and Jobs; however, this system was not an effective one. This is because, with time, there started to be divisions of interest within the divisions unto which the newly appointed CEO had to carryout re-organization and restructure of the management system (Apple Inc. 2010). Over the years, there have been several changes in the management of the company including the dismissal and re-appointment of the company’s co-founder Steve Jobs. This essay will forego all the changes that took place in the company and concentrate on the leadership of Steve Jobs and his influence over the company during his tenure as the company’s CEO. Traditional leadership theories The traditional leadership theory was first described by Marx Weber (1947). The leadership theory relates to a style that bases its belief in power being bequeathed to a leader as a way of maintaining tradition. According to Chun Hai (2007), Weber gave the characteristics of a traditional leader as: The leader’s followers gain favor in terms of promotions depending on the office politics. The leaders gain followers, owing to the fact that they are in their current position, but not due to their individual charisma. The leaders get

Monday, August 26, 2019

Analysis of Katharine Brushs Story Birthday Party Essay

Analysis of Katharine Brushs Story Birthday Party - Essay Example The reader doesn’t know anything about him, but using â€Å"self-satisfied† makes the first impression negative. The woman was presented as â€Å"fadingly pretty with big hat†. It’s obvious that the couple is not just married, they are not that young. The fact that she was wearing a big hat does not seem to be important, but at the end of the story, Katherine clarifies that it was her best hat. The surprise she prepared for her husband was quite banal, though the author let us know that it was thoroughly prepared: after the musicians played â€Å"happy birthday† the woman â€Å"beamed with shy pride over her little surprise†. Now it’s clear that she tried her best to please her husband, while his negative reaction to that surprise made her cry. Though we don’t know what exactly he said to his wife, Katharine characterized his words as â€Å"quick and curt and unkind†.Brush used bright adjectives which might seem to be a l ittle bit exaggerative, but that’s exactly what is needed in a short story to emphasize the ideas conveyed.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Financial Markets Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Markets Assignment - Essay Example sk and return of different types of investments, it should be noted that past returns are no guarantee of future performance, especially with respect to expected returns, even over time intervals as long as several decades. However, past returns over very long time horizons can be informative. For instance, a 1987 study by Jones and Wilson indicated that $1 invested in 1870 Would have grown over the next century (by 1985) to $13,264 if invested in U.S. stocks, $340 if invested in U.S. long-term bonds, and $260 if invested in U.S. short-term money market debt (in the meantime, consumer prices had risen so that it took $8.40 to buy what $1.00 bought in 1870). Although equity returns have greatly exceeded debt returns over the entire time interval, bond returns matched those of stocks over time intervals as long as 60 years (e.g., 1872 to 1932). In another study (by Siegel in 1992), it was found that bond returns exceeded those of stock returns over another 50+ year period, from 1802 to 1861, although a dollar invested into stocks in 1802 would have grown in value to $955,000 by 1990 compared to only $5770 for long-term bonds, $2680 for short-term bonds, and $15.80 for gold (it should be mentioned that it took $11.10 in 1990 to buy what $1.00 bought in 1802). Thus, although stocks tend to average higher returns than bonds over the very long term, there is substantial risk of stocks underperforming bonds even over fairly long time horizons. On the other hand, commodity investments like gold tend to be very poor investments over long time horizons (even though they do tend to keep up with inflation) Although the return to real estate was not measured in these studies, most believe that average real estate returns have been close to that for stocks. However, many analysts...The value of any asset is a function of the cash flows expected from the asset. These cash flows can be valued by discounting them at an appropriate interest rate. The appropriate discount rate is the minimum expected return that is required on assets with similar risk (and with other relevant characteristics). Discounting the expected cash flows by the required returns yields a value, which if paid as the price for the asset, would result in an internal rate of return (IRR) equal to the minimum required return. Victor A. Canto and Arthur B. Laffer Theory and common experience postulate that general economic factors impact stock prices in the aggregate. These same factors can have substantially different effects, depending on the size, location, and the industry groups being considered.Over the past decade, research at A. B. Laffer, V. A. Canto & Associates has focused on developing a portfolio strategy that would identify differential performance based on overall economic environment, location, and size.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Assignment Example Westwood (2006) states that with innovation and marketing being driving force of most organizations, the brand manager does the following: †¢ Supports in driving innovation of new strategies of marketing in communication industries, †¢ Assists in leading the improvement of developing new products for the brand. Major duties in this role include new product ideation and exploratory, insight mining, presentation as well as development of results of marketing concept with senior management, developing packaging design, developing claims and interfacing with other departments of the organization throughout all stages of developing new products. †¢ The brand manager also partners with and motivates a wide-ranging cross-functional overall team of market R&D, research, finance, sales, package design, operations and engineering to enable breakthroughs along with game-changing advancement to the market. To accomplish this, the brand Manager requires highly motivated individuals with strong creative, analytical, interpersonal and problem-solving skills. †¢ Brand manager manages customer relations. With management of customer relations, he communicates with organizational customers during the many phases of the process of purchasing the products. †¢ The brand manager controls the marketing mix. Marketing mix entails all tangible fundamentals that enable marketing of products of the organization. These include organizational employees, facilities, the products themselves, the selling process, the cost strategy and process of advertising and promotion

Friday, August 23, 2019

How the Government is Restricting our Freedom and Rights Essay

How the Government is Restricting our Freedom and Rights - Essay Example This essay stresses that the public officials and the government are increasingly setting illegitimate restrictions on citizen's freedom of peaceful assembly, and expression to silence key voices. Evidence reveals how opposition politicians, activists and journalists face arbitrary intimidation, politically motivated criminal charges, arrest and threats for expressing opinions deemed critical and vital by the government authorities. This paper makes a conclusion that the government restricts the right to freedom of expression by law of the international human rights, to protect and preserve the rights of public order and other rights, if permitted in a democratic society to restrict and law mainly does it. The formulation is based on the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Covenant on Political and Civil Rights. Religious rights of protection are crucial as a human right, but concerning the freedom of religion, the government laws impose restrictions, a restriction same as the freedom of expression. Right to religion, is a freedom to manifest or express one's beliefs, which is subjected to various limitations as prescribed by law. Although such limitations are fundamental to protect public order, safety, morals, health or essential freedoms and rights of others, it still infringes ones right. The government has banned public protest among unverified contentions that coordinators organized violence. In contemporary times, political activists are accused of treason a serious offense for their engagement in planning the protest. In many countries, government authorities are creating an environment where it is difficult for citizens to criticize government practices or policies and government officials. Recent report documents more and more restrictions on the media in US, which prevent it from freely, and timely broadcasting information concerned with government scandals and other critical matter. Journalists in media houses and private broadcasters have reported facing temporary closure, harassment and intimidation by the government authorities. All these imposed measure and restrictions infringe people freedom of expression, (McMullen, Bagby and Palich, 2008). Under the current international Conventions, obligations of the state concerning freedom of expression are immediate and absolute. Similarly, as with other types of liberty, particularly unrestricted freedom of speech and e xpression may result to the infringement of other people’s rights. A number of restrictions and limitations have hedged the freedom of expre

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Industrial Peace in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial Peace in Canada - Research Paper Example Either is sometimes painful and destructive. The right of laborers to organize themselves into an association or union is warranted in Canada by its laws on labor. One exceptional character present in the trade union environment in the country is the so-called Rand formula named after its creator, Justice Ivan Rand of the Supreme Court of Canada. The principle arose in the midst of a labor strike against the Ford Motor company. Under it, all workers are obliged to pay union dues on the justification that they are benefited from the efforts which the union undertakes in their favor. In order to make sure that union dues are collected, the employer concerned is authorized by the union to deduct the same from the payroll money of the laborers. (A History of Labor Unions in Canada. registered-nurse-canada.com. [internet]). It is worth to note that on some reasonable grounds, like in the case of religious or faith orientations that do not allow followers to participate in a labor union or movement, a worker or employee may not be f orced to join the union or bargaining representative. In that case, an agency fee equivalent to the sum of the union dues has still to be paid by the worker or employee who does not wish to so join. For around forty years, union membership population in Canada has fared better than in the United States. Post-depression figures show that only about thirteen percent of workers in the U.S. have stayed as union members from the old average of thirty per cent. On the other hand, the statistics in Canada has remained strong and steady at thirty one per cent for non-agriculture manpower. For the whole public and private sectors, union membership in Canada is twice as much than the U.S. counterparts. (How "anti-union" laws saved Canadian labour: certification and striker replacements in post-war industrial relations. Industrial Relations (Canadian). GOLIATH. BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE ON DEMAND. [internet]) There are now more than four million Canadians in the list of union members. Organized labor in plants and other workplaces has its advantages. Honest and sincere union leaders can very well link the rank and file workers with management such that problems of each side are immediately addressed. Rapport is enhanced when the union and the management are in constant communication. Labor-management cooperation boosts the morale of the workers and therefore increases productivity. On another note, labor unions which are duly certified bargaining representatives have certain rights under the law. If collective bargaining negotiations bog down, the certified union can petition or apply an application to go on strike. In such a deadlock, management can also declare a lockout but it will do more harm than good to the company which has a lot of capital, investments and resources to lose during the shutdown. Industrial relations in Canada Historically, strikes usually were resorted to when laborers tried to organize in order to achieve union recognition. This was so

Propositions on Poker Machine Addiction Essay Example for Free

Propositions on Poker Machine Addiction Essay The American Gaming Association (AGA) is a group which represents its members who come from the commercial casino industry. Formed in 1995, the goal of the group is to create awareness and factual understanding of the casino world. The main purpose of the group is to educate the public and its stakeholders about casinos. In the process, it also benefits its members by giving support to them in terms of legislations that affect them and the industry, rules and regulations that they need to be familiar about, and several other assistance while operating their respective enterprises. The AGA also acted as a trusted source of information for media personnel and other industry partners. (About the AGA, 2003, n. p. ) As part of its advocacy, the AGA also highlights responsible gaming as an important element in enjoying casinos. It partners with schools and encourages its members and employees to create awareness on responsible gaming, and identifies the results of irresponsibility within casinos. The AGA started the orange wristband campaign under the â€Å"Keep It Fun† slogan, encouraging gamers to keep casino playing fun and never destructive. The wristband campaign continues to be part of the Responsible Gaming Education Week and Lecture Series, both hosted by the AGA. (Responsible Gaming, 2003, n. p. ) Propositions on Poker Machine Addiction The American Gaming Association submits this document to the Federal Government in response to the inquiry on propositions regarding the community effects of poker machines. Poker machines have been traditional entertainment tools. Since the creation of the first poker machine in the late 1800s, it has become widely identified with bars and liquor shops. (Poker machines history, n. d. , n. p. The availability of poker machines in public places has raised concerns that it might affect family structure. Coleman (1999, n. p. ) reports that in Australia efforts have been made to study the link between family issues and gambling. Poker machines have been pointed out to be the major culprit among all gambling devices. The same issues are present. Noting that poker machines are readily available to all and that getting addicted to it is not impossible, and with an existing statistics of gamblers whose family life has been put at stake because of their addiction to the game, an inquiry has been made on how the issue can be resolved. The first option for many would be to restrain the availability of poker machines. At the most, the machines can even be totally banned. While this is an efficient way to address the issue, there are many considerations that may affect this. Casinos around the world employ thousands of workers, and a deep cut in their revenues may mean an unforeseen increase in unemployment. Also, poker machines and other gambling entertainments remit big tax revenues. In New Orleans, for instance, video poker machines accounted over $200 million in taxes. With such a price tag at stake, it is difficult for the local governments to surrender into banning poker machines. (The Associated Press, 2008, n. p. ) Poker Machines and the World The issues besetting poker machines are not isolated. The same concerns happen all around the world. Actor Russell Crowe moved to ban poker machines in Australia though lost in the voting. (Poker machine ban effort a bust, 2008, n. p. ) The Australian senate, on the other hand, also created the Poker Harm Minimization Bill of 2008, which aims to restrict, limit, and monitor poker machine activities in the country. The dilemma crosses other continents. Poker machines are big hits across Asia too. Thus, poker machines are often blamed to many social problems. (Man vs. Machine, 2008, n. p. ) However, coinciding with this is the fact that poker machine players often have to deal with other problems, as a study of 43,000 Americans have found. It is therefore concluded that making the game unavailable to gamblers with interrelated problems will not solve their addiction. The same is true with thousand of other gamblers around the world. (Man vs. Machine, 2008, n. p. ) Gambling and the Family Considering that a big percentage of 43,000 poker-machine playing Americans who underwent the study have other behavioral problems while addicted to the game, it cannot be disclosed that the family problems are caused by playing poker machines. There is the possibility that poker is their way of escaping from the other stresses in their lives. It can also be said that poker is their way of solving their problem—a player whose family is undergoing financial turmoil may think that poker may give him the luck he has been waiting for to ease his family of financial burdens. (Man vs. Machine, 2008, n. p. ) However, it is acceptable to say that there are many players who have become addicted to the game, and at which point became disconnected with their families, begun failing to judge their finances properly, and miscalculated many personal and financial decisions for the sake of playing. The actual percentages of players who belong to these groups are difficult to tell. Yet, in crediting the existence of these two facets, it is easier to recognize the proper solutions to be carried out by the government. Individual choices Before any legislation, legislators must closely study the profile of poker machine players. In Australia, 62. % of casino players gamble in poker machines. This is a majority of all other casino games and gambling devices. Of these poker machine players, 98% play mainly in casinos and betting clubs. 85. 4% knows that playing the poker machine is a game of chance. Still, 73. 4% can play the machine for up to an hour. (Hing and Breen, 2002, 192) Here, the behavior of players can be seen. It also shows that the wide availability of poker machines elsewhere does little to affect the betting behavior of players, as majority plays mainly on betting clubs. It can be alarming, though, that gamers can sit and bet in the machine for up to an hour. Thus, this requires a close look. Gamers also have different reasons for playing. For the majority, playing the poker machine is purely to entertain themselves. It was a way to let time pass. A small percentage of the respondents (21. 4%) played for hopes to win. (Hing and Breen, 2002, 192) This dispels the second facet presented herein, where it has been theorized that some players play poker machines for money. It can be associated that because majority of the players see poker machines as a game of luck, there is no certainty of winning or gaining money with it. In a personal level, respondents who play poker machines have been found to be between 18 and 34 years old. They are singles in the sense that they have never married. Thus, they may have relationships. Majority of them do not have dependents. (Hing and Breen, 2002, 192) This questions the validity of the argument that poker machines break families. With a majority of players without families or living under circumstances of broken families already, it is notable to discuss that poker machines may not be causing the family problems to begin with. The other issues besetting the players should likely be causing the complications, and thus should be addressed as well. Proposed Implementations The Australian study is a comprehensive view of the profiles of poker machine gamers. However, it is difficult to pattern implementations in other counties with this single study. A rigorous study for each country or state is needed, for which solutions should be patterned. On the other hand, given that these findings are also true elsewhere, the AGA proposes the following strategies for implementation. With these, it is expected that the Federal Government will be able to find ways to decrease or eliminate the claimed probable causes of poker machines as destructive agents to families. Bet and Time limit Hills (n. d. , n. p. ) assert that a player can bet up to $2 per spin and play up to 200 spins per hour. Finding that majority of poker gamers can sit and bet for up to an hour, it is recommended that time restriction be implemented. A player can bet on a machine for up to the approved maximum time only. This ensures that the player will not be too absorbed in the game and will remain conscious about his betting behavior and betting practices. Coinciding with this, there should also be a limit on the bets that one can play in a specific set. If the maximum bet for the day has been reached, the player should stop even if the game is less than the maximum allowed. Support for Gaming Advocacies Currently, the American Gaming Association has education drives to combat gaming addiction. While the program has been successful in places where it has been introduced, the group needs the additional mileage that the Federal Government can provide. The support will also mean more people knowing about the campaign and educated about the ill effects of addictive gambling. It covers both prevention of gaming addiction and cure. Conclusion Many studies have associated gambling with breakage in family ties. With majority of gamblers playing poker machines, the device has become a point of contention. The local government, however, cannot decide on the proper move considering that a bog percentage of community revenues come from the machines. The Federal Government’s inquiry helped assess the situation. It paved the way to reconciling the benefits of poker machines in terms of the financial help that it is offering and the pre-meditated bad effects that it is highly addictive and that it affects families. A thorough study of gamers is necessary. From their profiles, proper actions can be made. Limits on betting and play can help, as well as support in the education drives such as that of the American Gaming Association. This way, the machines can continue helping the community while avoiding any destructive effect it may have with families.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Personal Portrait

Personal Portrait Piagets theory of Cognitive Most Infants develop motor abilities in the same order and sometimes at the the same age. In this sense, most agree that these abilities are genetically preprogramed with all infants. The environment does paly a role in the development, with an enriched environment often reducing the learning time and impoverishmnet one doing the opposite. The most cited theory in Cognitive development in children is (Piaget 1896-1980) Piagets theory of Cognitive development maintains that children go through specific stages as their intellect and ability to see relationships matures. Kohlbergs theory developed through Piagets theory. In my personal Portrait I will touch on Eriksons theory and Kohlbergs theory.As a very young child, there were rules in my home and they were made not to be broken, if they were broken, there were consequences even as a young child. This meant going to the notty corner. I knew at a very young age the differences between right and wrong. My parents made sure that all of my siblings and myself understood fully that an obdient child is always right in Gods eyes. Spirituality was used constantly in my home as a way of helping with the development of morals at a very young age. For an example, I recall shopping in the grocery store with my mother, I asked if I could have a candy bar. My mother said no because I had not had my lunch yet. I thought about taking the candy anyway, as my mother and I left the store I imagined what might have happen if I had taken the candy antway. Considering what the consequences were going to be, I choosed not to take the candy. I have never thought about taking anything from anyone since. I consider this to be stage I of Kohlbergs theory of Preconventional Morality.This is when a child knows that stealing is bad and when they were asked to explain what they meant, they expained it with the consequences involved.(Kohlberg, 1958b). consequences There are consequences with everything a person does, this is why my mother has stressed to my siblings and myself that we should always be mindful of what we say and do. My mother was a honest and loving mother which brings me to Eriksons theory of Trust vs Mistrust. Because of the affection my mother showed her children and the people as well as the sacrifices she made to keep her family together, I have raised and made sure my own children had that same loved bestowed upon them. I also see that my children are duplicating the same with their own children.My mother was the neighborhoods second mother, she spreaded her love around to allof our friends and even to the misfits on our block.My mother stills reminds me of when I was 6,she would say that I have always been the more independant one of all of her children, she still states it today in my adulthood. My mother reminds me of my temperment, she states that I have always wanted to dress myself even if I put my clothes on backw ards. My mother says that I did everything backwards even today I am still that way in terms of the way I lived my life as an adult. I agree with my mother to a certain point, not everything I have done was backwards. My mother said that I should have finished school first and then start a family, I did the opposite.Things had to be done my way according to my mother, I do recall attending catholic school as a preschooler, I remember getting ready to leave for Christmas break and the children were given a choice of two dolls, one a Ronald McDonald doll or the famous Barbie doll. All of the girls of course choosed the Barbie. I wanted the Ronald McDonald doll really bad because no one had picked the doll, I ended up picking the Barbie because I did not want to be the odd ball of the group. This relates to Eriksons Autonomy Vs Shame Eriksons theory For Eriksons theory Initiative Vs Guilt, I was a very curious child and adult. My parents claims that I was always touching and taking things apart to see how they worked. My mother, she would always have to replace many of my toys especially my dolls because I would pull them apart trying to figure out how they put the body parts together. In the fifth stage of my life, it was a bitter sweet time for me. The bitter part was that I was always picked on by one of my female classmates, I was teased for being a teachers pet and for always participating in class. The sweet was that I had the best eighth grade teacher in the world. Mrs Simms was a loving teacher and she always had an open door policy when it came to the children in her class. I was the luckiest one becuse she and I lived on the same street. Mrs Simms taught me to ignore my bully and to continue to participate regardless of what others may think. I graduated at the top of my class however, my bully had to repeat the eight h grade again.In Eriksons Identity Vs Role Confusion, this theory was easy for me, I knew that I wanted to have a family very early in life. I wanted to be just like my mother. I wanted to be a great parent like my own. Its now that my children are all out of the house could this be where the confusion comes into play? Could this be one of the reasons why I choosed to open up a childcare facilty so that I would not miss my own? Could this be why I feel that I do things backwards sometimes like having my childs before finsihing school? These are the questions that pull at me form time to time. Generativity Vs Stagnation In terms of Generativity Vs Stagnation, I believe I completed this stage during the Intimacy Vs Isolation stage; however, I contribute to my community in a big way. I attend church regularly, and I am part of my neighborhood watch program. I trully beleive that if I disregarded my roles in my own community, I would be jsut like the ones that dont care about nothing or anyone but themselves. I never want be leave of legacy of being nobody. I want to be remembered as a kind and caring women who loved her community and the people in it. I want to be remembered for making a difference in someones life somewhere.In Eriksons stage of Ego Integrity Vs Despair, I have not yet to cross that path. I look forward to being able to be called the wised one. I am not looking forward to what this part of life brings in terms of old age and the baggae that comes along with it. I Understand that its a part of life and I accept it however, I am not in a hurry to get there. I will cross this bridge when I get there.After comprehending Kohlbergs stages that related to my life in level one the Preconventional Morality stage, I discussed this at the beginning of my paper as well as stage II Individualism and Exchange. In stage III Conventional Morality , it is the interpersonal accord and conformity as with stage four where as Social order and authority is maintained. (crain)As I compared Eriksons and Kohlbergs theory pertaining to myself as an adult and as a Grandmother and Mother, I have utilized most of their theories as well as applied them to my life the best way I knew how. I would like to believe that I am living by the code.I can better relate with using Eriksons theory the most, his theory is the one i use to be the women I am today. In terms of cultural diffrences and they way people are raised and their standards of living, I think that we are all taught and learn about different things throughout our lives. It is up to the individual to live their life to their fullest.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Methods for Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis

Methods for Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis Prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis Abstract: Pancreatitis is the most common and important complication of ERCP. Several risk factors exist that help to formation and progress pancreatitis. These risk factors may be factors that are related to patient, and factors that related to Procedure, or factors related to operator. All of the risk factors should be considered and as far as possible may be lowered with attention to pathogenesis of the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis. These pathogenesis are include: sphincter spasm, infection, contrast toxicity and pancreatic secretion that induce activation of proteolytic enzymes and inflammatory process. Some of methods and pharmacologic agent assessed for prevention pathogenesis pathway to decrease post-ERCP pancreatitis. Introduction: In about 75 percent of patients after endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreato-graphy (ERCP) may have elevation in serum amylase ; but acute clinical pancreatitis (defined as a clinical syndrome of abdominal pain and hyperamylasemia) is less common. However, acute pancreatitis is the important complication of ERCP and need to pay attention it to prevent from its morbidity and mortality [1]. Mechanism for post ERCP pancreatitis: The exact mechanism for PEP is unknown. It needs to be a trigger event that turn on the inflammatory process, that can be the fallowing: thermal injury from sphincterotomy, mechanical obstruction to outflow of the pancreatic secretions , papillary edema from attempted multiple cannulations, sphincterotomy etc., injury from guide wire, chemical injury of the contrast, microbiological injury due to introduction of duodenal flora into the pancreas etc [2]. Risk Factors for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: It is important to identify cases in which there are high risks for pancreatitis that we can prevent the complications of the prophylactic method such as pancreatic stenting or pharmacological prophylaxis. Assessment of both patient- and procedure-related factors is necessary to detect the high-risk cases (Table 1) [3]. Table 1: Risk Factors for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis [3]. Definition of post ERCP pancreatitis: To diagnose PEP need to be at least two of the following criteria: Epigastric pain with radiation to the back, Elevation of amylase and / or lipase at least 3 times higher than normal. Radiological imaging that suggests pancreatitis. Amylase and lipase may have an elevation despite the patients does not has any symptom. Radiological imaging is helpful when the diagnosis is difficult [4]. Methods and pharmacologic prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis A. the Following techniques should be adhered to in order to decrease the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis: 1. Endoscopic techniques 2. Cannulation 3. Electrocautery 4. Pancreatic stenting B. Pharnacologic prophylams: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents Other anti-inflammatory agents   Allopurinol semapimod- interleukin 10- pentoxifylline- Platelet-activating factor-Epinephrine Inhibitors of pancreatic secretion: Somatostatin- Somatostatin combined with diclofenac- octerotide- calcitonin Agents that stimulate pancreatic secretion and reduce sphincter tone: Secretin Agents that reduce of sphincter tone: Nifedipine-Nitrates-Glyceryl trinitrate botulinum toxin-topical lidocaine Inhibitors of protease activation: Gabexate mesilate- Nafamostat- Ulinastatin- C1-inhibitor- Heparin Antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine- Sodium selenite- Beta- Carotene Antimicrobial agents Antimetabolites : 5-FU (5 Fluoro Uracil)[5]. Some of the drugs that tested in different trials are described below: Pharmacological Prevention for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: Since the introduction of ERCP, numerous pharmacologic drugs have been assessed to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis based on their pharmacologic mechanism and their effect on one or more of the factors associated with pancreatic damage (Figure 1) [6]. 1- NSAIDs: NSAIDs (diclofenac or indomethacin) are the most drugs that are using for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [7]. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends routine rectal administration of 100 mg diclofenac or indomethacin for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [8]. 2- Glyceryl trinitrate: Glyceryl trinitrate reduces sphincter of Oddi pressure and may uses to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. ManuelMoretà ³ in his study assessed that could transdermal glyceryl trinitrate be effective in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis? The results of his study show that transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patch significantly reduces post-ERCP pancreatitis [7]. 3- Nifedipine: Calcium channel inhibitors can prevent the development of experimental pancreatitis. Nifedipine is from the calcium channel blocker drugs and its effect is reducing sphincter spasm. Part done randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether the calcium channel blocker nifedipine prevents post-ERCP pancreatitis. Nifedipine or placebo was administered before and within 6 hours after ERCP. This study failed to show significant effect of nifedipine in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [8]. 4-Antibiotics: Infections that occur when ERCP is done can activation proteolytic enzymes and lead to pancreatitis. Now there is this question that antibiotics can use in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. One prospective randomized controlled trial showed that the ceftazidime administration before ERCP significantly decreased the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis in the control group that did not receive antibiotic [9]. The quality of the study is questionable because the control group did not received no antibiotic [10]. 5- Risperidone: Ulinastatin inhibited systemic inflammatory responses and may benefit for prevention post-ERCP pancreatitis. Tsujino assessed the effect of risperidone (a selective serotonin 2A antagonist) combined with ulinastatin for the prevention of PEP in high-risk patients. In a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, patients were randomly compared to administration ulinastatin with or without risperidone. The incidence of PEP was not significantly different between two groups, but pancreatic enzymes level were significantly lower in the risperidone+ulinastatin group as compared with ulinastatin alone [11]. 6- Indomethacin Indometacin is from nonstroidal antiinflamatory drugs that are used for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Joseph Elmunzer in a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial assigned patients that were high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis to receive a single dose of indomethacin or placebo immediately after ERCP. Among patients at high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis, rectal indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of the post-ERCP pancreatitis [12]. Yaghoobi also assigned one meta-analysis to assessed rectal indomethacin for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. This meta-analysis showed that the rate of pancreatitis was significantly lower when using indomethacin as compared with placebo. [13]. 7- Corticosteroid: Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs and may be able to decrease the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. In a prospective randomized controlled multicentre study, administration of prednisone did not reduce the incidence of pancreatitis rather than placebo [14]. 8- N-acetyl Cysteine: N-acetyl Cysteine can reduce inflammation and may be useful in post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pezhman Alavi Nejad wants to evaluate efficacy of N-acetyl Cysteine for the Prevention of Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. He assigned a prospective double blind randomized study. There were significant reduce in the prevalence of acute pancreatitis between the groups. This study shows that NAC could be used for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [15]. 9- Aprepitant Aprepitant is one drug from the classification of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. Upendra Shah wants to assess the efficacy of aprepitant at preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis in high risk patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial assigned. Patients received either placebo or oral aprepitant. Aprepitant could not decrease the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis against placebo [16]. pancreatic stents: Abhishek Choudhary assessed a meta-analysis and to determined effect of pancreatic stents for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. This meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that pancreatic stent placement reduces the incidence pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia [17]. Conclusion: Considering the fact that pancreatitis is the most important of the ERCP complications we should pay attention the methods for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pancreatic stents are useful for this aim. From the pharmacologic agents, Glyceryl trinitrate, Indometacin and N-acetyl Cysteine could significantly decrease the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Other drug that assessed in this review article such as Nifedipine, Risperidone, Corticosteroids, and Aprepitant did not show significant effect for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Monday, August 19, 2019

The Use of Symbolism in Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of t

The Use of Symbolism in Golding's Lord of the Flies    "His head opened and stuff came out and turned red. Piggy's arms and legs twitched a bit like a pig after it has been killed" (217). This is what can happen to someone when all signs of civilization, order and power disappear and have no more meaning to members of a group or society. In the writing of William Golding's Lord of the Flies (1954), the symbol of power and civilization is the conch. Once that is lost, all bets are off. When the novel begins, two boys are talking about what has happened and why they are on this island. While walking on the beach, the main character Ralph then proceeds to find a shell which the two boys call the conch. Blowing on this shell Ralph calls a meeting where the boys lay out rules and decide they need a signal fire to be rescued from this island on which there are no adults and no females. During the meeting Jack, a choir boy, decides to organize a group of hunters to hunt for food. As the story progresses, Ralph finds himself and Jack to be enemi es. Then the "lord of the flies" begins to emerge within the group, many of whom begin to take on savage behavior, and end up killing Simon. Jack then decides to go and start his own tribe; he and a lot of the others do so. Even as the conflict increases between the two rivals, there is ongoing respect for the conch. The same savages later kill the character Piggy who was not doing anything to them except trying to get his glasses back that were stolen to make the fire. Then they try to kill Ralph; however, in the end all are rescued before they are ever able to reach Ralph. Throughout the story, civilization is being more and more withdrawn from the boys' consciousness, and yet the conch has th... ...the end the conch is destroyed and all hope seems to be lost for the one called Ralph. The conch is all the power he has, but it is killed along with Piggy. Fortunately for Ralph, the boys don't get to kill anymore, for another symbol of civilization, an adult, arrives to replace the power of the conch on their island. The adult asks what is going on and if there are any dead. The conch, which had the power to unify and civilize this abandoned society for a short while, proved to be ineffective and powerless. Just as it was an empty, lifeless shell, which contained no life, it could not bring life and order to the world of these lost boys. It took a living symbol, another human, to rescue and restore sanity to those who survived this island experience.    Work Cited Golding, William. The Lord of the Flies. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1962

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Challenges to Male Authority in Sophocles’ play, Antigone :: Antigone Essays

Challenges to Male Authority in Sophocles’ play, Antigone In the play Antigone by Sophocles, Creon and Antigone have distinct conflicting values. Antigone first demonstrates feminist logic when she chooses to challenge a powerful male establishment. This establishment is personified by her uncle Creon, who is newly crowned as the King of Thebes. Creon poses to be a major authority figure in a patriarchal society. Creon's regard for the laws of the city causes him to abandon all other beliefs. He feels that all should obey the laws set forth by him, even if other beliefs, moral or religious, state otherwise. Antigone, on the other hand, holds the beliefs of the gods in high reverence. She feels that the laws of the gods should be obeyed above all others, especially when in respect to family. The bold, tradition-braking character of Antigone clearly clashed with the overpowering patriarchal dominance of Creon. This collision between characters gives rise to the conflict between the sexes in Sophocles' Antigone. The denial of burial to Polynices strikes directly at her family loyalty. This enormous sense of loyalty leads to her simultaneous violation and observance to the duty of women of the time. It is precisely this loyalty that makes her an active rather than a static figure. Antigone herself represents the highest ideals of human life -- courage and respect for the gods. She believed that the law of the gods, which dictates that a body be given proper burial rights, was more important than the law of the King. Throughout the play, Antigone amazingly retains the traditional role of women, while at the same time boldly challenges this depiction. The challenge occurs as both a defiance of Creon's laws in Antigone's burying Polynices and as a direct verbal assault on Creon himself. Creon becomes angry that a woman questions his sovereignty and condemns her to death even though she was the daughter of his sister, Jocasta. Creon believes that if he does not follow through on his word the people of Thebes will not respect his authority as king. Thus Creon's patriotic values clash with Antigone's ethical values to make conflicting roles. Creon, being a new king, wants to prove his abilities as a firm and strong administrator. Creon wants to be respected and feared as a king because this will prove him to be the ultimate authorative figure in Thebes. He stands for obedience to the State. Surely it is his voice the townspeople should obey. Creon abuses his power to force others to accept his point of view.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

A Princess Life along the Silk Road

Susan Whitfield’s semi-fictionalized stories of about 10 selected people who once lived along the Silk Road gives us a clearer picture on how does the culture goes during its golden days of trading. China protected these ancient interconnected trade routes through all means. Such physical evidence of this protection they gave was the building of its Great Walls that then disallows intrusion of bandits within China’s proclaimed boundaries. This made the half part of the merchant’s journey half-safe.So as to ensure that their commodities would reach their final destination, China made pacts to their neighbor states who could give them military assistance. To strengthen these pacts, beside of the China’s promise to pay their purchases with silk, its ruler’s gave some of their royal princesses as a tribute to the neighbor states majesty. Looking ahead†¦ A Princess Life along the Silk Road Susan Whitfield’s Life along the Silk Road, a semi-fi ctionalized story of 10 selected people who once lived along the Silk Road gives us a clearer picture on how does the culture goes during its golden days of trading.China protected these ancient interconnected trade routes through all means. Such physical evidence of this protection they gave was the building of its Great Walls that then disallows intrusion of bandits within China’s proclaimed boundaries. This made the half part of the merchant’s journey half-safe. So as to ensure that their commodities would reach their final destination, China made pacts to their neighbor states who could give them military assistance. To strengthen these pacts, beside of the China’s promise to pay their purchases with silk, its ruler’s gave some of their royal princesses as a tribute to the neighbor states’ majesty.Basing on surviving scripts about some historical personages of China, Whitfield had retold the princesses’ experiences through Taihe and her Princess Tale. The journey of Taihe, an imperial princess started in the autumn of 821. Taihe was the sister of the Tang emperor by that time and daughter of its predecessor. Taihe needed to travel westward to meet and be wed with the Kaghan of the Uighur. Taihe was the fourth princess that been sent to their so-called â€Å"land of the nomads†. Taihe could not refuse since it became a tradition to their empire to send a â€Å"tribute† to the Kaghan or emperor of the Uighur.She was not the original princess to be sent by that time, but due to the unexpected death of the former Kaghan, her elder sister Princess Yong’an had escaped her turn and rather made a decision to become a Daoist priestess. To honor the original agreement, Taihe replaced her to marry the next Kaghan. Though Taihe had never left her country before, she was denoted as very familiar with the many influence brought by neighbor states like of Uighur. She was a good horsewoman like any other palac e ladies and she uses this skill in her playing of polo, an import from the western origin. On her journey, she was riding a Bactrian camel.Female attendants of Taihe during their journey rode with Ferghana horses which are said to have mythical strength. These horses are few, that is why China still has to import cavalry ponies from Uighur. That is why Taihe was made as a tribute. During the journey, Taihe uses personal ornaments like her jade pins from Khotan, and decorations made of tortoiseshell from Vietnam and lapis lazuli from Badakhstan. She has her Buddhist rosary beads made of amber, probably coming either from the Baltic or northern Burma. She carried perfumes and breath freshener, many originating in India.She was fond of playing the Kuchean music which she could continue to enjoy in Kaghan’s palace. By her time in China, western music was extremely popular and its tunes were adapted with Chinese lyrics. Before her journey, she was also thought with the whirling d ance, which is usually performed by Sogdian girls. Though all of this are only influences, and she is very much unaware of how would be her life with the Uighurs, as she remembered the words by a Chinese princess sent to the west as a bride eight hundred years ago, â€Å"My family married me to a lost horizon†¦ I wish I were a brown goose and could fly back home.† As she continued her journey throughout the dessert, she could do nothing but to be dressed and be brought with food by her attendants. When they managed to passed an oasis they could then recharged their supplies that made their journey faster. At each known camp wherein they could build their tent, princess Taihe could then take a rest. After that they would again proceed with their travel but sometimes they were hampered by bad weather along the road. The lunar new year is approaching when then had reached the borders of the capital of the Uighur, Karabalghasun near the left bank of the Orkhon river.It was d eep winter by that time but it was more of warmth because of the glamorous welcome of the Uighurs to the princess. She was offered with wines, tea, and fruits served more delicate than in the Chinese court. But she noticed that the silverware used is only an imitation from those coming from Persia. But all in all, there were only few flaws and more of extravagance brought by the luxuries of the Uighur. She was first taught with Uighur traditions by the sent Uighur princesses. And then the journey delegation of Chinese ministers selected a suitable day of her wedding with the Kaghan.She had first her Chinese dress influenced with a Turkic fashion at the beginning. As of the Chinese tradition, her hair was elaborately styled and the toes of her red embroidered slippers were curled up so that it could be seen peeping out below the robe. But she was requested to wear Uighur clothes in the ceremony. At the first part of the ceremony, she wore an ordinary Uighur dress and bow to the Kagha n at his tent. After that, she changed clothes with a Uighur exquisite dress, though it had many features contrast to the Chinese tradition. Then the ceremony proceeded as she and the Kaghan presented themselves with the Manichean clergy.Finally, they had been legalized as husband and wife and princess Taihe was then entitled to be the khatun, queen of the Uighur. She did not only symbolize the alliance of China and the Uighur, her khatun position gave her a power in the Uighur court. But she felt mad when Tanim ibn Bahr, an envoy sent by the leader of the Arab forces in Transoxania had failed to mention her when his husband let him stop over in Uighur. Many other things then had happened after years had passed but it all ended with Taihe’s going back to China when the Uighur had a civil war.