Major Challenges to Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Essay

What are the significant difficulties to Piaget's hypothesis of subjective turn of events and what viewpoints despite everything have esteem? To respond to this inquiry, Piaget's hypothesis of advancement ought to be clarified alongside Vygotsky's hypothesis and the connectionist hypothesis of improvement, and afterward each ought to be contrasted and the others. When this has been accomplished the fundamental likenesses and contrasts will be summed up, lastly the regions of Piaget's hypothesis that have not been sabotaged by different speculations will be repeated. As Piaget would see it, Intelligence isn't the means by which we would class it today, he accepted that knowledge secured all psychological idea. He believed anyway that the advancement of knowledge was a transformative issue not something that could be based on after birth, just utilized. Piaget accepted that the kid was answerable for its own turn of events and in this manner educating could be viewed as old. In Piaget's improvement hypothesis there is four phases the Phases of Development. These stages are a dynamic organization which youngsters finish youth to make a mind boggling grown-up unique reasoning procedure. While the kids move starting with one phase then onto the next the upgrades they show are viewed as signs they are not simply the advancing all the more so it is proof that it is going on. The sensor engine stage is the first of the four phases and regularly alludes to kids from birth to eighteen months old. In this stage the kid perceives the world through its physical activities, the youngster will begin to disguise this data. When the youngster begins making portrayals for the data, it will begin to create thought and language, these achievements are viewed as the transition to the following stage. The preopera... .... (1992) Connectionism and formative hypothesis, British diary od formative brain science, 10, pp.209-54. Refered to in Lee V. furthermore, Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language improvement, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford Thorndyke, E.L. (1911) Creature knowledge New York: MacMillan. Refered to in Roth, I. (2000) Prologue to brain research vol 1, Psychology Press, East sussex Vygotsky, L.S. (1962) Thought and Language, Cambridge (Mass.), MIT Press. Refered to in Lee V. furthermore, Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language improvement, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford Vygotsky, L.S. (1988) The beginning of higher mental capacities in Richardson, K. furthermore, Sheldon, S. (Eds.) Subjective Development in Adolescence, Hove, Erlbaum. Refered to in Lee V. furthermore, Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language improvement, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford Significant Challenges to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Essay What are the significant difficulties to Piaget's hypothesis of intellectual turn of events and what perspectives despite everything have esteem? To respond to this inquiry, Piaget's hypothesis of advancement ought to be clarified alongside Vygotsky's hypothesis and the connectionist hypothesis of improvement, and afterward each ought to be contrasted and the others. When this has been accomplished the principle similitudes and contrasts will be summed up, lastly the zones of Piaget's hypothesis that have not been sabotaged by different speculations will be emphasized. As Piaget would see it, Intelligence isn't the means by which we would class it today, he accepted that knowledge secured all psychological idea. He believed anyway that the improvement of knowledge was a developmental issue not something that could be based on after birth, just utilized. Piaget accepted that the kid was liable for its own turn of events and subsequently instructing could be viewed as dead. In Piaget's advancement hypothesis there is four phases the Phases of Development. These stages are a dynamic arrangement which youngsters finish adolescence to make a mind boggling grown-up conceptual reasoning procedure. While the kids move starting with one phase then onto the next the upgrades they show are viewed as signs they are not simply the advancing all the more so it is proof that it is going on. The sensor engine stage is the first of the four phases and ordinarily alludes to kids from birth to eighteen months old. In this stage the kid perceives the world through its physical activities, the kid will begin to disguise this data. When the youngster begins making portrayals for the data, it will begin to create thought and language, these achievements are viewed as the transition to the following stage. The preopera... .... (1992) Connectionism and formative hypothesis, British diary od formative brain research, 10, pp.209-54. Refered to in Lee V. also, Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language improvement, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford Thorndyke, E.L. (1911) Creature knowledge New York: MacMillan. Refered to in Roth, I. (2000) Prologue to brain science vol 1, Psychology Press, East sussex Vygotsky, L.S. (1962) Thought and Language, Cambridge (Mass.), MIT Press. Refered to in Lee V. furthermore, Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language advancement, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford Vygotsky, L.S. (1988) The beginning of higher mental capacities in Richardson, K. what's more, Sheldon, S. (Eds.) Intellectual Development in Adolescence, Hove, Erlbaum. Refered to in Lee V. furthermore, Gupta P.D. (2001) (eds) Childs Cognitive and language advancement, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford

Tips on Writing an Essay Topic On Persepolis

Tips on Writing an Essay Topic On PersepolisPersepolis is a fictional novel written by Marjane Satrapi. As the novel covers the 18th century during which Iran was ruled by the Hulagu Dynasty and by Isfahan (today's Fars province), the theme of the book is quite typical for Persian novels, though this time it is not set in present day Iran.Marjane Satrapi is a real life woman who belongs to a royal family and had a close association with several writers in the middle ages. In addition to writing novels and short stories, she also wrote poetry and composed several plays. The influence of such people can be seen on her work, which is considered as being part of the Persian 'Traditional Arts'. In fact, this genre is very influential to modern Iranian literature.One might wonder why essay topics would be related to fiction; after all, no one would consider reading a novel about present day Iran. But today, this novel is quite popular among Persian students and would really help them impro ve their Persian skills and understanding of the subject matter.Since Persepolis is an autobiographical novel, this essay topics focuses mostly on what the author herself says about her life. In her own words, the events of the novel are based on a very personal story that she has shared with her wife, Ida. Unlike other novel, she writes down her thoughts as she goes along with her world.In the first part of the essay, she offers details about the incident that led to the creation of the entire story. In the second part, she shares with the readers about the introduction of the novel and how the event of a good story brought about her mind to write the novel.The third part presents a critique of the story, where the reader can see if the plot of the story is realistic or is it simply based on a gossipy story. In the final part, she finally offers her comments and suggestions regarding the whole essay topic, which includes future studies and activities that are to be done by students in order to improve the skills of speaking and writing Persian.In addition to the essay topics on Persepolis, she also provides additional information that will help students learn the skills they need to communicate more effectively with Persian. These include more easy-to-read paragraphs, definitions of the main words, and also the links to his site that offer free materials about the Persian language. She also offers links to her Twitter account where she posts pictures and videos of her everyday life in Iran.Like any other essay, it is best to read more than one version of the essay topics so that the information you get from each differs from the others. This way, you can decide which is the most suitable.

Anatomy And Physiology Of A Cat - 944 Words

Have you ever dissected a cat before? When I was in high school, I took anatomy and physiology. From this class I learned that I actually took an interest in this subject appreciable amount. When it came time to take tests, I did not even mind studying because I had found it remarkably interesting. From my interest in the class, I ended up getting an A. In my second semester of taking this class, we were told that we had to dissect a cat. The thought of dissecting a cat frightened me because I was going to be exposed to the guts of the cat. Nobody in my group wanted to make the first cut, thus I took one for the team. The first cut I made was on the side of the stomach; I was really gentle, as if I was performing surgery on a live person. It was not easy to cut through the skin of the cat. My teacher saw that I had been struggling to cut the cat open, therefore he came to help out the group. My teacher had told me that I was not going to hurt it in any way, because of this I started looking at it differently, the cat was dead and I should not be afraid of dissecting it. I later realized that from that experience I knew I wanted to someday pursue a career in surgery for humans. After my adventure from dissecting the cat I did some research on becoming a surgeon and I found interesting information on their education requirements, job responsibilities and the job outlook/salary. First, it will take many years before I can perform my first surgery. It will take four years ofShow MoreRelatedComparing the Anatomy and Physiology of a Domestic House Cat, to that of a Human3206 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction For the cat lab, there is no hypothesis as this is a observational activity. The purpose of this lab is to compare the anatomy and physiology of a Domestic House Cat, to that of a human. The references are â€Å"New† Lab manual, and Disecction of the Cat. The scale of refrence is one bar = 3mm. Anatomy, Observations and Comparisons: External Anatomy. Firstly, when we got to our table, we removed our cat, which was a black and white spotted cat, and its number was 4. From head to tail,Read MoreAnimal Care For The Health Of Animals1232 Words   |  5 PagesVeterinarians work in private clinics and hospitals. Others travel to farms and ranches, work in labs or classrooms, or even work for the government† (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 20). About one- half of all vets would work with small animals like dogs and cats (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Almost one- fourth of all vets work with a mixed animals like pigs, goats, sheep, and companion animals (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Working with large animals, only a small number of vers work with large animals (â€Å"Veterinarian†Read MoreHealth Care For The Health Of Animals And Work For Improve Public Health1383 Words   |  6 PagesVeterinarians work in private clinics and hospitals. Others travel to farms and ranches, work in labs or classrooms, or e ven work for the government† (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 20). About one- half of all vets would work with small animals like dogs and cats (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Almost one- fourth of all vets work with a mixed animals like pigs, goats, sheep, and companion animals (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Now working with large animals, only a small number of vers work with large animals (â€Å"Veterinarian†Read MoreDog Care For The Health Of Animals And Work For Improve Public Health1362 Words   |  6 PagesVeterinarians work in private clinics and hospitals. Others travel to farms and ranches, work in labs or classrooms, or even work for the government† (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 20). About one- half of all vets would work with small animals like dogs and cats (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Almost one- fourth of all vets work with a mixed of animals like pigs, goats, sheep, and companion animals (â€Å"Veterinarian† par a. 2). Now working with large animals, only a small number of vets work with large animals (â€Å"Veterinarian†Read MoreAnimal Care For The Health Of Animals And Work For Improve Public Health1331 Words   |  6 Pagesveterinarians work in private clinics and hospitals. Others travel to farms and ranches, work in labs or classrooms, or even work for the government† (â€Å"Veterinarians† para. 20). About one- half of all vets, would work with small animals like dogs and cats (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Almost one- fourth of all vets work with a mixed of animals like pigs, goats, sheep, and companion animals (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 2). Only a small number of vets actually work with large animals (â€Å"Veterinarian† para. 3). TheRead MoreThe Usefulness Of Animal Models1052 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of medical research, the use of animal models in relation to the brain and behaviour of humans has played a significant role in understa nding many aspects of the human psychobiology, and ‘much of what we know about the relationships among anatomy, physiology, and behaviour has come from animal research’ (American Psychological Association, no date:online). Research on animal models ranges from simple behaviour observation to more invasive procedures such as the extraction of brain chemicals. HoweverRead MoreDo You Want to Become a Veterinarian? Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagesvets, and the logistics of being a vet. Schooling In order to become a vet, years of schooling is involved. Planning ahead, some courses that should have already been taken before college are many science classes such as biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, zoology, microbiology, and animal science. Most of them are required by veterinary medicine programs. A bachelor’s degree from an accredited college is also strongly recommended (Occupational Outlook Handbook). Another thing to consider isRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Domestic Cat1682 Words   |  7 PagesCat From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the cat species that is commonly kept as a pet. For the cat family, see Felidae. For other uses, see Cat (disambiguation) and Cats (disambiguation). For technical reasons, Cat #1 redirects here. For that album, see Cat 1 (album). Domestic cat[1] Cat poster 1.jpg Various types of domestic cat Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: FeliformiaRead MoreThe Efficiency Of Animal Testing1394 Words   |  6 Pagesnot an accurate representation of the human anatomy. The obvious and subtle differences between humans and other species in terms of physiology, anatomy, and genetic code make it difficult to apply data derived from animal studies to human conditions. Acetaminophen, for example, is poisonous to cats but is therapeutic in humans; penicillin is toxic in guinea pigs but has been an invaluable tool in human medicine; morphine causes hyper-excitement in cats but has a calming effect in human patients;Read MoreBecoming a Veterinarian1071 Words   |  5 PagesDevyn R. Fowler Oct. 01, 2014 ENG 101 Becoming a Veterinarian Animals have been a major part of my life for as long as I could remember. Even as a baby, I was surrounded by all types of animals; dogs, cats, lizards, birds. Etc. The passion I have for animals inspired me to me to want to become a veterinarian. A veterinarian â€Å"is a person who is trained to give medical care and treatment to animals: an animal doctor† (Merriam-Webster). I can find no better career path for

Diversity at Disney - 5774 Words

1 Disney Disney 2 For more than nine decades, the name Walt Disney has been preeminent in the field of family entertainment. From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to today s global corporation, Disney continues to proudly provide quality entertainment for every member of the family, across America and around the world. The company is diversified, focusing on its mass media headquartered in Burbank, California (Iger, 2012). In terms of revenue, it is the largest media conglomerate in the world (Silkos, 2009). Founded on October 16, 1923, by the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in†¦show more content†¦The gold medal as IDEAL Employer for diversity MBA and undergraduate students goes to Google, followed by Walt Disney, Goldman Sachs and McKinsey (Universum, 2012). Disney, which prior to 2005 had always been at the top of the list, has regained a leading position thanks to its massive recruiting efforts a nd its strong consumer brand. Disney has a variety of diversity-training programs, including programs on generational communications, creating an inclusive environment, disability awareness and inclusion leadership training. Disney works to accommodate guests with disabilities by training cast members, making the latest technology available for visitors, and constantly reviewing policies and procedures that govern park operations. In addition, visitors with disabilities can plan their Disney outing by reviewing a copy of the resort s Guidebook for Guests with Disabilities (Disney Hollywood Studios, 2012). This booklet provides a detailed overview of the services and facilities available at each park for guests with disabilities, including information about parking, restrooms, auxiliary aids, telephones, transportation facilities, and specific attraction entrance and boarding procedures. There are many rides that allow a guest to remain in a wheelchair while experiencingSho w MoreRelatedStrategic Planning : Walt Disney1592 Words   |  7 PagesMGT411 Strategic Planning Walt Disney Company Strategic Analysis Patten University Disney, Yesterday and Today The Walt Disney Company was formed in 1923 as the Disney Brother Cartoon Studio with Walt and Roy Disney. With the start of Alice Wonderland series, Walt Disney would start a company that would go on to become legend. A staple for all things animation and the standard in which the industry models itself the Disney Company went on to create ground breaking milestones in animation and allRead MoreDisney s Influence On Children867 Words   |  4 Pagesdollars is only a small example of Disney’s influence. Disney has eleven princesses that influence children, especially young girls, internationally. In figures 1a and 1b, the chart shows that about 93% of participants watch Disney princess movies. Even with a large influence on the world, many critics have questioned if Disney’s movies have enough diversity. As a college student in a school committed to diversity, I have wondered about Disney’s diversity as well. In an online survey provided throughRead MoreThe Wo nderful World Of Disney1474 Words   |  6 Pageswonderful racist world of Disney The wonderful world of Disney is synonymous with fairy tales, adventure, and happily ever after. Disney makes dreams come true and makes us wish upon a star. And apart from its entertaining purposes, the world of Disney is a learning medium in which kids can learn about ethics, values and self-image. The world of Disney over time has become a persuasive form in which children can learn about the world around them. However, The world of Disney teaches messages to childrenRead More The Walt Disney Company as an Internet Pioneer Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Disney Company as an Internet Pioneer There are many factors that contribute to an organizations success, or downfall. Identifying these factors and the role each of them has on the four functions of management should help the organization be more successful. Three factors that may impact an organization may be E-business, technology, and/or diversity. There are many organizations in the world today, though few have been as successful as the Walt Disney Corporation. Disney isRead MoreWalt Disney Company : The World s Leading Manufacturer And Provider Of Information Entertainment Essay970 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction The Walt Disney Company is a U.S. entertainment and media corporation located in Burbank California. Walt Disney and his brother Roy have founded the mass media conglomeration on October 16, 1923 as a cartoon animation studio, and kept the official mascot of Mickey Mouse (Mink, 2007). The American amusement business’s annual revenue is about $45 billions, and employs 166,000 workers worldwide (Mink, 2007). Walt Disney has centered its business on TV shows, radioRead MoreDisneys Success as a Company Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Walt Disney Studio’s Diversity Mission Statement is â€Å"To create an inclusive environment that is open to all perspectives, allowing us to tell compelling stories in film, animation and music that visually and emotionally reflect our audience worldwide.† â€Å"The Walt Disney Studios maintains that the only existing boundaries are those of talent, ambition, imagination and innovation.† (Moore, 2007) â€Å"The Walt Disney Company incorporates best-in-class business standards as a key pillar of its businessRead MoreMouse Morality : An Analysis Of Christian, Family, And Homosexual Values1420 Words   |  6 PagesMouse Morality: An Analysis of Christian, Family, and Homosexual Values in Disney According to Richard Land, one of the originators of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Boycott of Disney, Disney is pushing a â€Å"Christian-bashing, family-bashing, pro-homosexual agenda† in its film, television, and theme park empire. However, this accusation is not accurate in regards to the majority of entertainment that Disney produces. Since the beginning of Walt Disney’s creations, the brand has focused on promotingRead MoreEssay on From Delicate Damsels to Strong Self-Starters978 Words   |  4 PagesWalt Disney. The Walt Disney Company (also known as Disney) is a mass media corporation founded by Walt Disney that is known for the creation of widely known and loved animated films, many of which include greatly admired princesses. The popularity of these princesses reached such a height that Disney created a franchise featuring various female heroines from several of Disney’s successful films. Society’s views on gender roles at different pe riods of time are reflected through each Disney Princess’sRead MoreThe Disney Departure : Differences Before And After The Death Of Walt Disney1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe Disney Departure: Differences Before and After the Death of Walt Disney According to the leadership of the Southern Baptist Convention, the Walt Disney Corporation historically stood for â€Å"basic American virtues and values† but now represents a â€Å"significant departure from Disney’s family-values image, and a gratuitous insult to Christians and others who have long supported Disney.† Their belief is that Disney entertainment products produced while Walt Disney was alive differ substantially fromRead MoreOrganizational Excellence And Change Of Walt Disney1526 Words   |  7 PagesORGANIZATION 1 Introduction Walt Disney was created by a man named Walter Elias Disney in Chicago, Illinois; he was an animator and motion picture producer. In 1923 they located to Los Angeles, California and he partner with his brother Roy in the Disney Bros Studio. ?Recently they have been called the paradigm of America and intolerance of a debaser of culture and have carried animation through the central figure in the history of animation. Walt Disney Company is a creative organizational

The Globalization Of Eating Disorders - 1623 Words

In the writing â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† the author, Susan Bordo strongly uses the pathos appeal to influence the emotions of her audience. This writing speaks in detail about the growing issue of eating disorders, that is not only becoming an international issue; but as well I an issue that now affects young men and women alike. The way that this author uses this specific appeal is in a large part with very personal and relatable dialogue, about the sufferings of young adults that are affected by these issues. The author goes as far as to begin the writing, telling the story of a young girl â€Å"never fat to begin with, she’s been on a diet for a couple of weeks and has finally reached her goal weight of 115 at 5 to 4 inches†¦ but in her eyes she still looks dumpy† (639). The author goes on to make a point to this narrative, but just the thought of this girl’s unhappy nature with herself, is enough to captivate the audiencesâ€⠄¢ emotions. The author uses this type of the pathos appeal throughout the rest of the writing to continue influencing the emotions of her audience, as to make her argument stronger. In today’s world social media, television programs, and the Internet in general seems to define and set a model for how people should act, dress, and unfortunately in the end is a large defining factor in how young adults believe their bodies should look. This social setting is exactly what Susan Bordo is discussing in this particular writing. However, this socialShow MoreRelatedThe Globalization Of Eating Disorders963 Words   |  4 PagesSoundness in the Globalization of Eating Disorders In her essay, â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders,† Susan Bordo informs her audience of the growing trends in eating disorders. Through her argument, Bordo illustrates the cruel identity of body-image distortion syndrome while she searches for a solution to the eating-disorder problem by looking to its birthplace in culture. Making use of several examples and scenarios, facts and statistics, and appeals to pathos and logos to construct her argumentRead MoreGlobalization of Eating Disorders1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe Globalization of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are a huge problem across the nation. Some of these disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia-nervosa, binge eating, and body dysmorphic disorder. Anorexia is a disorder in which subject obsesses about food and how much they eat, while a Bulimic person eats an excessive amount of food, then purges. People affected by these disorders are obsessed with food however; they do not want the calories, so they eat as much as they can, then throw itRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Globalization Of Eating Disorders 854 Words   |  4 Pages Eating Disorders In the essay â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† by Susan Bordo speaks about eating disorders. In society today appearance is a huge factor. Even though appearance has always been a major thing but now day’s people take it to the extreme when trying to have a certain body image. Now day’s people think beauty is whatever is on the outside, instead of the inside and the outside. Most people go on crazy strict diets, surgery and some go through starvation in order to becomeRead MoreAnalysis Of Susan Bordo s Globalization Of Eating Disorders 993 Words   |  4 PagesDemi Lovato once said, â€Å"I’m not going to sacrifice my mental health to have the perfect body.† However, today we find that many individuals are doing the completely opposite. In Susan Bordo’s, â€Å"Globalization of Eating Disorders† essay, they fall into the media trap, the self-image trap, where they are concerned of what people may think about them. American s nowadays have pageants, modeling, and media to thank for this absurd notion. Fit women, along with strong men give this motivation to othersRead MoreEssay about Fast Food Globalization1351 Words   |  6 PagesFood Globalization Some people get confused when they hear the word, globalization. What is it? Globalization is a modern term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that result from dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. That means the world is slowly becoming one by producing goods and services in one part of the world, only to share it on an international level. This is a deeply controversial issue, however. Proponents of globalization argueRead MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1453 Words   |  6 PagesBinge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychiatric condition characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food in a specific amount of time, and feeling out of control while eating. BED also involves feelings of guilt and shame after binging but is not accompanied by compensatory behaviors, such as purging or vomiting. Binge eating is described by â€Å"eating at a fast pace, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating when not feeling hungry, eating alone to hide the amountRead MoreQuestions On Physical Health And Weight Management851 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT? This module is all about physical health. The reading begins with the three function of the food, which sets the tones of eating. The seven components of food gave a basic idea and knowledge of what food really are and what do they do to our body, or why do we need them. All of those were for chapter five and I would say those were the most of the stuff that we need to know to get into nutrition or a diet at this level for right now. As I was starting with the chapter six, the first point theRead MoreA New Kind Of Epidemic1476 Words   |  6 PagesChacin Chasity Drew English 1006-003 2 November 2014 A New Kind of Epidemic Globalization has created a strong tendency for young people around the world to follow a series of norms, generally attributed to Western civilizations, seeking to construct this idealized image of what beauty should be. Popular media, intentionally or not, has managed to successfully disseminate all over the globe. The Globalization of Eating Disorders written in 2003 by English professor and feminist philosopher Susan BordoRead MoreThe Westernization of Eastern Countries Is Increasing the Frequency and Severity of Eating Disorders2046 Words   |  8 PagesGlobalization is the integration of countries’ individual culture and traditions into one global, conglomerate culture. It leads to the spread of the dominant western culture into many eastern countries. Eating disorders are typically associated with industrialized countries primarily, but because of the globalization the economy and society they are appearing more and more in developing countries such as China and Korea. Eating disorders like Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are fairly newRead MoreAmerican Fashion Industry in 21st Century1555 Words   |  7 Pagesaccompanied by exploitation of labor, eating disorder particularly in models and also the growth of counterfeit products. The international fashion industry portrays an ideal body type commonly known as the ‘size zero’ which women often attempt to attain. This leads them down the road of low self-esteem, starvation and even self-mutilation often resulting in eating disorders, health issues and even suicide. Models between the age of 18 and 24 practically give up eating and also resort to using drugs and

Childhood Essay Example For Students

Childhood Essay We were then Children with nothing but Childhood. We played kiss Tag and suicidewhich Was merely a game with Throwing, and running, and Touching the side of theSchool house before the thud Of the ball. You became The rumor of a girl Whomissed high school English And dated the boys who Would have, should have, willhave Been in jail. They said You fought with your parents And even ran away AtChristmastime. I became The sweetheart of the high School staff with Excellents,Ivy League potential, A chance to do great deeds And late nights alone in Myroom, worrying if A ninety was an A Or a B. What webecame Was friends for life who ran And then walked naked on The dunes of MoodyBeach And talked of God and life As we shot our shots of Kamikaze and I Carriedyou out of the Bar with love. What they saw Was the saver in me And the savee inyou The lost girl who was back On track after all of That trash and even has Ashot at college now Which means all the tea in China you know. What I see now Isth e girl who saved me From torching my path through The sky. At breakneck speedsTowards oldness and deadness And all the monsters we Fought in youth, who woreties, Breathed fire, and who worked more Than played. What you are now Isdropped out and free As you scheme to tag whales Off the coast of Wales or Studythe Earth in New Zealand. But you still crashed Your car twice last week On theice of Tatnic Road and I worry. What I am now Is learning, achieving, Interning. Taking notes, Gaining knowledge, looking At the future and all I could be, andgrad school, Careers and how much I could Make and B.A.s and b.s. And youworry. Rightly so.

The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are international organisations created to provide financial aid, and enhance the structures of international payment systems in the world markets. In the year 1944, the two organisations began their operation following the signing of the Articles of Agreement by the member states. During its inception period, the IMF consisted of 45 members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two institutions share similar attributes in that they were created at the same time, are based in the US, and have analogous Articles of Agreement. However, the major distinction between the two institutions is that the World Bank is largely owned by the American citizens, while the IMF is largely owned by the European citizens. According to the economists, the two organisations have great i nfluence on global economic policies and strategies. Their authority over economic policies has contributed to the strengthening of the macroeconomic frameworks, reduction in sector deficits, and decline in public debt accumulations among the member states. Contrary to what economists assert, sceptics believe that the two international organisations have acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement (Antonio 34). Over time, the World Bank and the IMF have redefined their mandates as financial institutions. On this background, this article seeks to explore the validity of these criticisms by analysing the policies and actions of the two organisations. Background World Bank Before a country becomes a member of the World Bank, it must subscribe to the bank’s shares. Over time, the bank has majored on loan operations. Loans are awarded to banks, public institutions, and private organisations within their member states’ jurisdictions. In case a borrow er is from a non-member state, the borrower’s loan needs to be guaranteed by a member state. In accordance with the banks Articles of Agreement, all lending operations should be preceded by a guarantee agreement from member states. Before the year 1968, the bank was actively engaged in lending loans geared towards project developments. However, when the Basic Needs approach was adopted, under the leadership of Robert McNamara, the bank focused its operation on tackling poverty in the developing countries. Similarly, the bank started to offer assistance in development projects in developing countries by overseeing Structural Adjustment Loan (SAL) programs (Suvedī 78).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through these programs, the bank aims to change the national economic policies among the member states. After the arrangement of the SAL, funds are distributed in a sy stematic manner over time according to the country’s ability to push for changes in specific policy areas. Notably, the bank needs their member states to change their economic policies in line with their requirements. This condition requires member states to reform their industrial, agricultural, financial, export and import policies. Through these measures, the countries have to share and sometimes relinquish their economic decisions to the World Bank. By doing so, the World Bank has interfered with the member states’ sovereignty contrary to the Articles of Agreement. Similarly, by interfering with its member state public administration apparatus, labour regulations, and public investment policies, the bank has acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement by compromising on the member state’s sovereignty. IMF The IMF allows its member states to contribute to the bank’s deposits. Through this contribution, each member state earns i nterest, quota, depending on its economy. According to the IMF regulations, the quotas consist of five tranches accessed in times of financial need. The member states have automatic access over one of the five tranches. However, other tranches are accessed under certain conditions and arrangements. Among these arrangements are Stand-By Arrangements, Poverty Reduction Arrangements, Growth Facility Arrangements, and Extended Fund Facility Arrangements. These arrangements and conditions were incorporated to ensure that the bank resources meet the member states’ goals of resolving balance of payment challenges in accordance with the banks Articles of Agreement. Under these conditions, the bank can only disburse its money to the borrower on a piecemeal basis. Similarly, the loans can be accredited when the borrowing state meets certain economic and financial policies required by the bank. Through these acts, critics argue that international organisations have not only interfered w ith the member states sovereignty but also limited their ability to create their own economic and financial policies. Criticisms Following the current state of the world economy, the two institutions have been heavily criticised for the ever-increasing gap between the poor nations and the rich nations. Critics argue that the two organisations have acted beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement. Currently, more than 400 organisations and NGOs have ganged up to call for the restriction and regulation of the two institutions (Lowenfeld 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to these groups, the two institutions lack the expertise to tackle social and environmental challenges affecting each specific country. As such, the organisations should formulate specific policies and measures to be used in each cou ntry. In addition, these groups argue that the IMF has only focused on rectifying short-term balances of payment challenges damaging the social fabric of several countries, rather than helping them as the Articles of Agreement assert. Globally, it is widely argued that the two international banks’ policies have worsened the global economic and financial situations. According to critics, the organisations’ policies have not only failed, but also worsened the economic conditions in the borrowing countries. A similar criticism claims that even in countries where the two organisations have led to the enhancement in macro-economic indicators, social disparities have been eminent. Notably the use of one-size-fits all approach and restrictions of government involvements in their policies have resulted in a vicious cycle of stagnation. These approaches have seen the debtor countries reduce the public expenditure in several sectors including health, education, and other social services. In the recent past, more debtors have had to privatise their state firms, limit credit lending, and reform their tax policies to meet the requirements stipulated by the two organisations (Schrijver 56). Through these measures, the organisations have triggered conflicts in some nations. For instance, in the year 2000, the World Bank forced the Bolivian government to privatize its water service system. They had to abide by the World Bank’s directive to qualify for the 25 million US dollars they had requested for from the institution. Through this move, the government of Bolivia had to reorganise its resource management systems to suit the foreign interests rather than the country’s interests. These initiatives later sparked numerous protests and demonstrations from the country’s citizens. On the other hand, critics have criticised the two organisations for their lack of transparency and democracy in their affairs. Though the institutions claim that they are transparent, their hypocrisy is evidenced every time they carry out their activities in seclusion.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critics argue that the organisations should exercise transparent governance because as they require from their debtors. The IMF has been heavily criticised by sceptics for its lack of transparency in most of its acts. Sceptics argue that before IMF enters into an agreement with any country, they already have decided on the policy proposals thus limiting the country’s ability to adjust on these proposals. Through these acts, the IMF does not only contradict its governance procedures as stipulated in the Articles of Agreement, but also perpetuates unresponsive policies leading to severe economic condition in debtor countries (Qureshi 67). Criticisms on the democratic deficit bases their principles on the fact that the funds lend from these institutions are provided by the G-7 member states. According to the critics, it is wrong for the two institutions to impose inappropriate policies on countries that have no ability to contribute to the decision processes in the two organisat ions. Similarly, the restrictions of the debtor countries’ participation in decision-making processes amount to violation of their rights to govern their country directly and indirectly. In addition, the citizens of the debtor countries have limited mechanisms to force the two organisations to be accountable in their acts. Analysis The World Bank’s and the IMF’s articles of the agreement are clearly outlined, and any acts by these organisations not covered in the Articles of Agreement are considered ultra vires. Thus, the functions of the two institutions must be in accordance with the Articles of Agreement. In the recent past, the two organisations have been heavily criticised for interfering with political and social affairs of their member states. According to article 10, of the World Bank Articles of Agreement, the bank and its personnel are prohibited from interfering with political affairs of their member states (Simon Bryan 34). As such, the articles ass ert that political individuals in the member state should not influence the bank’s decision. This implies that the bank should focus on economic affairs rather than political affairs of member states when formulating their policies. As emphasised in their Articles of Agreement, the bank should uphold the political sovereignty of its member states. Similarly, the IMF’s Articles of Agreement prohibit the organisation from participating in political interference among the member states. From the stipulations outlined above, it is apparent that the international lending institutions embrace the same view on political actions in member states. Contrary to this rule, these organisations are accused to be working under the preference of the United States and other industrialized countries. These countries are alleged to be providing structural constraints within which the IMF and the World Bank work. Beyond these constraints set by the industrialised nations, activities of th e IMF and the World Bank are subjective to professional economists whose intentions are in accordance with particular institutional environments. Owing to this, the IMF and the World Bank prescriptions have been accused of aiding political pressures and institutional constraints from their stakeholders’ countries. Since their inceptions, corruption has been a great concern for the two organisations. The organisation has condemned on the vice recognising as a major challenge in the developing countries. In the affected countries, corruption has drained their national resources and negatively affected their economy. The organisations have been advocating for the formation of anticorruption bodies in the affected member states to thwart the practice. Challenges arise when the affected member state borrows money from the international organisations. According to their Articles of Agreements, the institutions are supposed to ensure that the money borrowed is used in the intended p urpose. In this regard, the organisations cannot separate themselves from the issues of corruption in the affected countries. However, their involvements must be in accordance with the Articles of Agreement. Through this, they are required to advise, encourage, and support the affected countries in fighting corruption only without being involved in their political affairs. However, over the years, the World Bank and the IMF have formulated policies that have deprived the lawfully governments’ abilities to create their own economic policies and programs. Though the two organisations have refuted the claims, these acts are eminent from the way they distribute their loans to various governments. Several literatures have focused on how the IMF and World Bank have trampled on the national sovereignty of its member states. These literatures assert that the institutions have compromised on the national sovereignty of the member states through imposing conditionality on their loans. Remarkably, international organisations including the World Bank and the IMF have imposed western cultural values on emerging economies disregarding on their autonomy. According to Graham Bird, when countries turn to IMF for fiscal assistance they have to aware that they are losing their national sovereignty over economic policy to the institution. Another writer, Catherine H. Lee, believes that the IMF and the World Bank have greatly interfered with the internal affairs of developing member states. Thus, it is a fact that the two international organisations are interfering with the political affairs of their member states indirectly through their conditionality arrangement. By doing so, critics’ allegations that the organisations are acting contrary to the powers bestowed to them by the Articles of Agreement are confirmed. Over the last decade, the two organisations have evolved immensely astonishing the critics and their founders. Their expansion has come to be referred to as economic creep by the sceptics. Between the two organisations, the IMF has been greatly criticised due to its dramatic expansion. During its inception, the IMF was only mandated to provide fiscal assistance and assist countries manage their balance of payment challenges. However, over time the institution has expanded its boundaries to include development and poverty eradication programs. Through these initiatives, the IMF has acted contrary to its Articles of Agreement since these acts were not envisioned in the original articles. Those against this move argue that it is illegal for the institution to engage itself in activities meant for other organs of the UN agencies. Through these changes, conditionality measures have been introduced. Over time, these conditionality measures have expanded to oversee adjustment of national currencies. In the recent past, the measures have expanded to include trade liberalization, bankruptcy legislation, poverty eradication measures, anti terr orism measures, and bankruptcy legislations. IMF and ultra vires acts Through their massive expansion, the IMF has been accused of overstepping its mandate outlined in the Articles of Agreement. The IMF has compromised its original mandate of facilitating payment adjustments through these dramatic expansions. If the organisation had stuck to its original mandate, it could have generated little business. However, by redefining its roles to meet with the current economic challenges, the institution has had to deal with issues tackled by the multilateral development banks leading to the conflict of interests. For instance, the IMF’s shift to finance the long-term balance of payment had long been initiated by the World Bank. The World Bank had tried to tackle the issue before they changed their mandate to finance projects aimed at eradicating poverty. Equally, the IMF has overstepped its mandate by availing its funds to all developing countries. As stated in the Articles of Agree ment, the IMF’s balance of payment support is limited to low income developing countries. Through these acts, the IMF has denied some countries with chronic payments deficits chances to revive their situations. In its attempt to enhance the development and poverty alleviation programs in the developing countries, IMF strategies and structural conditionality have covered all areas related to development policy. Through this act, the organisation has not only acted contrary to the Articles of Agreement, but also created numerous problems in development policy. It is alleged that the institution is not competent to tackle such complex issues. Those opposed to this move argue that there are serious risks in relinquishing development matters to international organisations mandated to tackle short-term financial challenges. It is a fact that the IMF’s involvement in poverty reduction programs may yield fruits; however, this does not imply that that the organisation is acting in accordance with the Articles of Agreement by working in such areas. The IMF should realise that there are other recognised institutions, with expertise and resources, mandated to work in such areas. In this regard, the IMF should stop with immediate effect duplicating other institutional projects, and rather cooperate and coordinate development projects directed by these institutions. The IMF and the World Bank have refuted claims that they are duplicating their functions. The two organisations argue that they are closely working together to coordinate their programs and to minimise overlap. However, reality indicates that indeed the two organisations are duplicating their roles contrary to their Articles of Agreement. Through these acts, opponents have called the two organisations to merge their roles. Similarly, the two organisations leadership has been accused of being undemocratic. The voting rights in the two institutions are not allocated on the principles of democracy. As such, most of their votes are allocated to wealthy industrialized nations. This implies that the more money a country has the more votes they earn from the two organisations. Allegations against the IMF in Asia In Asia, IMF’s and the World Bank strategies in the past have conflicted with their Articles of Agreement. During the Asian crisis, Indonesia was adversely affected by the economic challenges due to poor policies and strategies, which were implemented by the IMF to reverse on the situation. During this period, 1997 to 1998, the Indonesian currency lost its value by 83% owing to forceful interactions of politics and economics policies. As a result, Indonesia’s economic imbalances were rated among the worst in Asia. In their attempt to reverse on these situations, the IMF had to step in and help the country from further economic plunders. Through this, the IMF advised the Indonesian government to reduce on their expenditure, cut down expenditure on social service s, privatise its state firms, and adopt appropriate fiscal policies. Before the country could be funded, to bail its state institution out of the fiscal challenges, they had to meet IMF’s conditions. Later on the IMF’s program in the country led to several problems. The structure of the program adopted was so complex that the country could not incorporate. Similarly, the provisions provided by the IMF strained the Indonesian government’s ability to ease its social pressures. On the other hand, restructuring led to a rapid decline in the economy’s expansion raising the level of public frustration. During the crisis, the Indonesian market confidence was greatly affected by the financial catastrophe. Under the IMF’s program, the country was prohibited from bailing out banks and private companies that succumbed to the crisis. As a result, Indonesian businesses suffered. Later on when the government implemented tight monetary policies under directives f rom the IMF and the World Bank, the country witnessed the closure of several unprofitable banks, reduction in budgetary spending, and the failure of extended companies. Because of these, the IMF realised that their acts were going to trigger social tension. To prevent such occurrence, the IMF approved that under no circumstances could the elites be exempted from the sternness. Through this move, the IMF moved in to fight corruption to restore market confidence in the country. Critics argue that the IMF and the World Bank initiatives during the crisis were out of their power as stated out in their Articles of Agreement. The IMF’s structural reforms in the short term had negative implications on the country’s economy. As such, when Indonesia adopted these structural reforms in accordance with the IMF’s directive, they increased their country’s future indebtedness. Economists assert that if the country could have used $10 billion IMF standby finance during t he crisis, the country’s debt stock could have increased by 70%. According to the economists, these figures could have been extremely high, and could have led to further economic crises such as defaults in the long-term foreign debt payment. Another challenge experienced in Indonesia during the crises was that the public was under-informed on the roles of the IMF during the crises. According to economic analysts, the challenges in Asia at the time were unique. In this respect, the analyst believed that the IMF deployed the wrong policies and strategies worsening the situation. This implies that, the budget cutting, credit tightening and emergency bank closures were inappropriate. Therefore, the banking sector should have been strengthened by the government and the IMF rather than enhancing their hasty closures. Through this, the IMF and the Indonesian government should have advised the weaker banks to merge with the stronger banks and encourage them to raise their capital bas es. Economic crisis in Russia The Russian economic crises of the year 1988 proved that international lending organisations interfere with economic, social, and political activities of their member states. By examining, the IMF’s involvement in Russia for the last decade, we can affirm this allegation. The institution has not only interfered with the country’s political structures, but also objected the second phase of reforms desired by the Russian citizens. From the beginning of their involvement in Russia, the IMF’s interests were driven by the western interest and aspirations in the region. As such, the institution was not competent to tackle the issues faced by the Russians during the economic crisis. It is alleged that the institution was largely preferred over the EU since it solved the country’s crisis in accordance to the US’ wishes. At the same time, the US interest in the region promoted its overall rating. Similarly, by engaging itself i n the Russian economic crisis, the IMF saw this as an opportunity to take a lead in policy alteration economies. Before the crisis, the institution was actively engaged in tackling balance of payment challenges in member states. Based on these allegations, the IMF overstepped its mandate right from the time it began its involvements in Russia. As stated above, several challenges emerged from the institutions involvements in the country. During this period, the IMF had little experience of tackling long-term economic issues since this mandate was not stipulated in their Articles of Agreement. In this regard, the institution was not competent enough to enhance the country’s transition from communism to capitalism. When Russian government was faced with an economic crisis in the late 1980s, they applied for membership in the IMF. Its membership was fully granted in the year 1992. Following this, the institution funded the country’s government in two phases before stopping . Critics assert that although the IMF allowed the country to become part of its members, the institution was slow in responding to the country’s needs. According to the critics, the slowness to respond implied that the organisation was acting under the policies and interests of the Western countries who are the major shareholders. Through this act, the IMF acted above its powers stipulated in the Articles of Agreement by being influenced by political interests. Similarly, the institution is criticised for its steps in advising the Russian government to liberalise their markets and privatise their state firms contrary to the Russians wishes. Through this move, several protests and demonstrations were witnessed through Russia. Similarly, the Russian parliament was involved in objecting the government’s directive. According to the demonstrators, the government had made a wrong decision by accepting foreign assistance in the management of their economic crisis. Those oppo sed to the move were fully aware that international organisation participations in their country would compromise on their national sovereignty. Allegations against the World Bank Having been in the lending business for more than five decades, the World Bank is a major lending institution in its field. The bank provides more than $20 billion annually to its borrowers. Its stakeholders through a board of directors control the bank. During its inception, the bank was mandated to alleviate poverty through funding long-term development projects. Over time, the bank has expanded its roles and become more bureaucratic, more inwardly focused, and more averse to criticisms. Through this initiative, the bank has fostered a lending culture disregarding the risks of failure. Similarly, its management team has lied to the public on its lending operations, fostering an illusion that the institution is aimed at enhancing world developments. Because of these, the sceptics have condemned the World Bank for acting above its mandate. Although the organisation management teams are responsible for the bank’s success, they develop and implement economic policies as they are pleased disregarding the Articles of Agreement. It is alleged that the bank’s management teams are the gods of lending. This implies that they have disregarded the terms stated out in the article of agreement by leading the bank to perform its unintended missions and ignoring their professional obligations. Similarly, it is alleged that the bank is cooperating with some of the third world government officials to fund white elephant projects contrary to the best interest of the citizens in these developing nations. Critics argue that the bank pretends to be lending their funds for noble initiatives in the third world countries, while the borrowers pretend they will put the funds in the noble initiatives. Through these illegal acts, some of the bank’s staff and borrowers’ leaders have been able to serve their own interests at the expense of the poverty-stricken citizens. Notably, the World Bank’s initiatives relating to governance and anticorruption have attracted numerous criticisms. In the late 1990s, the World Bank and the IMF activities in the developing world were being faced with numerous challenges owing to rampant cases of corruption in the countries. After decades of lending, the bank realized that the borrowers were losing their borrowed money through corruption. The bank attempted to stop the prevalence of corruption through investigations, identification, and exposure of fraud committed against Bank projects. Through these acts, it depicted an appropriate step towards fostering accountability and transparency in their projects, which was against the provision stipulated in their Articles of Agreement. After a futile attempt to stop corruption cases, the World Bank management later realised that they had overstepped their mandate, something that the critics could use against them, the bank changed its focus on fighting corruption. The bank then shifted from exposing corruption to studying it. Critics argue that the shift of focus has worked well, in that it has allowed them to claim leadership in fighting corruption whilst authorising them to continue funding the corrupt governments. Through these acts, it is clear that the World Bank and the corrupt governments continue to plunder billions of dollars through white elephant projects each year. Although the World Bank claims that it is making positive steps towards ensuring that their funds meets the intended purposes, they should realise that the gap between the poor and the rich in the developing countries has been on the increase. By acknowledging this fact, the World Bank should similarly acknowledge that by the institution acting beyond the powers outlined in its Articles of Agreement has aggravated the situation. Similarly, the World Bank should acknowledge this alleg ation by lending less and supervising more. Through this, it should employ all the possible powers outlined in the Articles of Agreement to investigate, prosecute, and punish corrupt staff members who are colluding with the corrupt governments for their own selfish interests. The bank’s claim that poor governance and corruption are the major obstacles to economic growth has resulted in numerous disagreements between the accused governments and the organisation. Developing countries insist that the bank’s effort to stem out corruption and promote good governance within their territories is beyond the powers given to them in their Articles of Agreement. Despite the fact that these governments’ claims are true, they should realise that the bank’s funds are meant to uplift the livelihoods of their citizens, and not to benefit some few elites in their respective governments. Despite the critics’ allegations, legal writers argue that through the acts des cribed above the World Bank and the IMF acted within their legal mandate. According to these scholars, the decision organs of international organisations such as the World Bank have exclusive rights to interpret the article of agreements. By doing so, international institutions are mandated by the provisions to commit illegal acts. With respect to these legal experts’ concept, the doctrine of ultra vires is not applicable to international organisations, and that their activities and decisions are always legal and valid. The Articles of Agreements of both organisations have clear procedures to be followed in determining whether an individual or the executive board members exceeded their powers in interpreting the provisions. Through this, the IMF and the World Bank have argued that their acts of expanding the organisations mandates were justified within their Articles of Agreement. The organisations assert that the expansion of their institutions has taken place in accordance with article IV consultations. For instance, before the collapse of the par value system the IMF was largely involved in the macroeconomic issues. After the collapse of this system, the IMF became involved in the microeconomic issues. The organisations argue that it was within its mandate to change its roles as the article of agreements allows the organisation to tackle payment deficits and to assist countries with balance of payment issues. Conclusion In conclusion, we should note that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created as specialized agencies of the United Nations during the World War II. According to their Articles of Agreement, the two institutions function under the directions of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Sceptics argue that the two organisations are not functioning in compliance with the ECOSOC directives. If the two organisations could work under the General Assembly directives, they could not only be more accountable, but also con centrate more on both social issues and banking interests. Informal surveys indicate that the top officials in these organisations are unaccountable to their member states. According to these surveys, most individuals are not only unaware of the existence of the two organisations, but also unaware of their functions. The organisations spend huge sums of their resources in propaganda that portrays them as institutions aimed at steering acts and policies geared towards enhancing economic development. However, in the recent years the two organisations have been under heavy criticisms for acting beyond their Articles of Agreements. Notably, academics and NGOs have alleged that the two organisations represent the interest of the transnational corporations and banks that provide them with most of their capital. As such, individuals mandated to create policies in these organisations operate under the influence of first world bankers and third world elites. This implies that the poor, who a re the majority, are shielded from presenting their policies and evaluations. In this regard, this article concludes that the two organisations are reinforcing poverty rather than reducing it. According to their Articles of Agreements, the two organisations should encourage private corporations to invest in the developing countries in order to spur economic growth in these countries. Instead, the organisations have focused on increasing profits for their shareholders at the expense of the poor in the developing countries. Similarly, by allocating huge sums of money in the hands of some few elites in the developing countries, the IMF and the World Bank have equipped these few individuals with resources enabling them to hang on to power and resist social pressures (Weiss Friedl 7). Works Cited Antonio Cassese. International law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Print. Lowenfeld, Andreas F. International economic law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Print. Qureshi, Asif H .. Perspectives in international economic law. London: Kluwer Law International, 2002. Print. Schrijver, Nico. Sovereignty over natural resources: balancing rights and duties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Simon, Lester and Bryan Mercurio. World trade law: text, materials, and commentary. Oxford: Hart, 2008. Print. Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda. International investment law: reconciling policy and principle. Oxford: Hart, 2008. Print. Weiss L, and Friedl. International economic law with a human face. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998. Print. This essay on The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank was written and submitted by user Trey Love to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.